Codeine Theophylline

Alkaloids are compounds that contain nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring and are commonly found in about 15-20% of all vascular plants. Alkaloids are subclassified on the basis of the chemical type of their nitrogen-containing ring. They are formed as secondary metabolites from amino acids and usually present a bitter taste accompanied by toxicity that should help to repel insects and herbivores. Alkaloids are found in seeds, leaves, and roots of plants such as coffee beans, guarana seeds, cocoa beans, mate tea leaves, peppermint leaves, coca leaves, and many other plant sources. The most common alkaloids are caffeine, theophylline, nicotine, codeine, and indole... 

Naproxen Olanzapine Tacrine Tertiary TCAs Theophylline Warfarin Type 1C antiarrhythmics Codeine Erythromycin Estrogen Quinidine Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors Protease inhibitors TCAs Terfenadine Zolpidem... 

For the relief of pain arising from spasm of smooth muscle, as in renal or biliary colic, morphine is frequently employed. Other measures including antispasmodics such as atropine, atropine substitutes, theophylline, nitrites, and heat may be employed first however, if they are ineffective, meperidine, methadone, or opiates must be used. Morphine relieves pain only by a central action and may aggravate the condition producing the pain by exaggerating the smooth muscle spasm. Morphine may also be indispensable for the relief of pain due to acute vascular occlusion, whether this be peripheral, pulmonary, or coronary in origin. In painful acute pericarditis, pleurisy, and spontaneous pneumothorax, morphine is likewise indicated. Carefully chosen and properly spaced doses of codeine or morphine may occasionally be necessary in pneumonia to control pain, dyspnea, and restlessness. Traumatic pain arising from fractures, bums, etc., frequently requires morphine. In shock, whether due to trauma, poisons, or other causes, morphine may be required to relieve severe pain. 

Thalidomide and metabolites Methylamphetamine and impurities Related opiate compounds (morphine, hydromorphone, nalorphine, codeine, oxycodone, diacetylmorphine) Theophylline, caffeine, sulfanilamide... 

No interference was seen with the following drugs (no concentrations have been stated in the literature) clemastine, chlorpheniramine, codeine, dextromethorphan, diaphenhydramine, dyphylline, isoproterenol, phenacetin, phenylephrine, phenpropanolamine, xanthine (E408, E424). Specimens of uraemic patients may show falsely increased theophylline concentrations (by approximately 3-5 mg/1). 

Gas chromatographic methods have been developed to solve this problem. Theophylline has been gas chromatographed and determined as such, but in most cases derivatization has been carried out to obtain better gas chromatographic properties and better detection possibilities. For quantitative work several substances have been used as internal standard, mainly barbiturates (alphenal, amobarbital, aprobarbital, heptabarbital, hexabarbital, thiobarbital), but also other substances have been used (fluoranthene, codeine, theobromine, medazepam, pramoxine hydrochloride, cyheptamine, probenecid propylester). Recently 3-isobutyl-1-methyl... 

Wesley-Hadzija worked out a simple method for the determination of theophylline in serum samples. To samples of 1 ml serum was added 0.5 ml 0.1 N HC1 and the extraction was carried out with diethyl ether-dichloromethane (7 4), the organic solution evaporated to dryness, and the residue dissolved in 50 yl methanol containing the internal standard (500 yg/ml of codeine). An aliquot of 2-5 yl was gas chromatographed on a packed column of 3 % 0V-17 on Gas Chrom Q at a column temperature of 245°C. The reproducibility of the procedure was good. 

A,codeine,morphine,dihydrocodeine,quinine, quinidine,caffeine, theophylline, ajmaline Various basic drugs Separation of basic drugs on silica gel with non-aqueous ionic eluents Spherisorb S5W Silica 250x4.9 Me0H-hexane(85 15)contai ni ng o.iox hcio4 66 ... 

Coc,morphine,codeine, caffeine, theophylline Analysis urine BOP(no further details) Heptane-prOH(9 l) 8... 

Acetaminophen, aldrin, alfentanil, amiodarone, aminopyrine, amitriptyline, amprenavir, androstenedione,antipyrine, astemizole, benzphetamine, budesonide, carbamazepine, celecoxib, chlorpromazine, chlorzoxazone, cisapride, clarithromycin, clozapine, cocaine, codeine, cortisol, cyclophosphamide,cyclosporin, dapsone, delavirdine, dextromethorphan, digitoxin, diltiazem, diazepam, erythromycin, 17j3-estradiol, ethinylestradiol, etoposide, felbamate, fentanyl, flutamide, hydroxyarginine, ifosphamide, imipramine, indinavir, ketoconazole, lansoprazole, loratidine, losartan, lovastatin, (iS)"mephen3d in, methadone, mianserin, miconazole, mifepristone, nelfinavir, nevirapine, nicardipine, nifedipine, odansetron, omeprazole, orphenadrine, proguanil, propafenone, quinidine, quinine, rapamycin, retinoic acid, ritonavir, saquinavir, selegiline, serindole, sufentanil, sulfinpyrazone, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, tamsulosin, taxol, teniposide, terfenadine, tetrahydrocannabinol, theophylline, toremifene, triazolam, trimethadone, trimethoprim, troleandomycin, verapamil, warfarin, zatosetron, Zolpidem, zonisamide... 

Wong, S.H.Y. Marzouk, N. McHugh, S.L. Cazes, E. Simultaneous determination of theophylline and caffeine by reversed phase liquid chromatography using phenyl column. J.Liq.Chromatogr., 1985,8, 1797-1816 [also caffeine, cimetidine, codeine, dimethylxanthine, meperidine, pentobarbital, pheno-barbital, secobarbital, theobromine, theophylline hydroxyethyltheophylline is IS]... 

Also analyzed acebutolol, acepromazine, acetaminophen, acetazolamide, acetophenazine, albuterol, amitriptyline, amobarbital, amoxapine, antipsrrine, atenolol, atropine, azata-dine, baclofen, benzocaine, bromocriptine, brompheniramine, brotizolam, bupivacaine, buspirone, butabarbital, butalbital, caffeine, carbamazepine, cetirizine, chlorqyclizine, chlordiazepoxide, chlormezanone, chloroquine, chlorpheniramine, chlorpromazine, chlorpropamide, chlorprothixene, chlorthalidone, chlorzoxazone, cimetidine, cisapride, clomipramine, clonazepam, clonidine, clozapine, cocaine, codeine, colchicine, qyclizine, (yclo-benzaprine, dantrolene, desipramine, diazepam, diclofenac, diflunisal, diltiazem, diphenhydramine, diphenidol, dipheno late, dipyridamole, disopyramide, dobutamine, doxapram, doxepin, droperidol, encainide, ethidium bromide, ethopropazine, fenoprofen, fentanyl, flavoxate, fluoxetine, fluphenazine, flurazepam, flurbiprofen, fluvoxamine, fii-rosemide, glutethimide, glyburide, guaifenesin, haloperidol, homatropine, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydro g chloroquine, hydroxyzine, ibuprofen, imipramine, indomethacin, ketoconazole, ketoprofen, ketorolac, labetalol, le-vorphanol, lidocaine, loratadine, lorazepam, lovastatin, loxapine, mazindol, mefenamic acid, meperidine, mephenytoin, mepivacaine, mesoridazine, metaproterenol, methadone, methdilazine, methocarbamol, methotrexate, methotrimeprazine, methoxamine, methyl-dopa, methylphenidate, metoclopramide, metolazone, metoprolol, metronidazole, midazolam, moclobemide, morphine, nadolol, nalbuphine, naloxone, naphazoline, naproxen, nifedipine, nizatidine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, oxazepam, oxycodone, oxymetazo-line, paroxetine, pemoline, pentazocine, pentobarbital, pentoxifylline, perphenazine, pheniramine, phenobarbital, phenol, phenolphthalein, phentolamine, phenylbutazone, phenyltoloxamine, phenytoin, pimozide, pindolol, piroxicam, pramoxine, prazepam, prazosin, probenecid, procainamide, procaine, prochlorperazine, procyclidine, promazine, promethazine, propafenone, propantheline, propiomazine, propofol, propranolol, protriptyline, quazepam, quinidine, quinine, racemethorphan, ranitidine, remoxipride, risperidone, salicylic acid, scopolamine, secobarbital, sertraline, sotalol, spironolactone, sulfinpyrazone, sulindac, temazepam, terbutaline, terfenadine, tetracaine, theophylline, thiethyl-perazine, thiopental, thioridazine, thiothixene, timolol, tocainide, tolbutamide, tolmetin, trazodone, triamterene, triazolam, trifluoperazine, triflupromazine, trimeprazine, trimethoprim, trimipramine, verapamil, warfarin, xylometazoline, yohimbine, zopiclone... 

Theodoridis, G. Papadoyannis, I. Vasilikiotis, G. Tsoukali-Papadopoulou, H. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode-array analysis of alkaloid drugs of forensic interest. J.Chromatogr.B, 1995, 668, 253-263 [also amphetamine, bamifylline, caffeine, cocaine, codeine, dia-morphine, ethylmorphine, flufenamic acid, methadone, morphine, nalorphine, norcodeine, papaverine, quinine, scopolamine, strychnine, theobromine, theophylline, tolfenamic acid]... 

Extracted acetaminophen, amobarbital, butabarbital, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, eth-chlorvynol, flurazepam, glutethimide, methaqualone, methypiylon, nitrazepam, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, salicgrlic acid, secobarbital, theophylline Simultaneous amitriptyline, caffeine, clomipramine, codeine, desipramine, ethotoin, imip-ramine, lidocaine, mesantoin, methsuximide, nirvanol, nortriptyline, oxazepam, procainamide, phenylpropanolamine, propranolol, quinidine... 

Simultaneous acetaminophen, acetophenazine, amoxapine, amphetamine, atropine, ben-peridol, buspirone, caffeine, carbamazepine, chlorpheniramine, codeine, dextromethorphan, diazepam, diphenhydramine, flupenthixol, flurazepam, heiloperidol, hydergine, hy-drocodone, hydromorphone, lidocaine, loxapine, mepazine, meperidine, mesoridazine, methaquaalude, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedio30 ethylamphetam-ine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, morphine, norcocaine, oxazepam, pentobarbital, phenylpropanolamine, procainamide, procaine, propyl benzoylecgonine, quinidine, quinine, salicylic acid, secobarbital, theophylline, trazodone, 3-tropanyl-3,5-dichloroben-zoate, vancomycin, WIN 35428... 

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