Codeine controlled substance

Codeine is a natural alkaloid found in the opium plant. As a pharmaceutical, codeine is used as an analgesic, antitussive, and antidiar-rheal. Codeine is also commonly combined with other cough suppressants as well as with aspirin and ibuprofen. In the United States, codeine is a Schedule III controlled substance, which means that its distribution is more tightly regulated than unscheduled drugs. Codeine has pain-relieving qualities principally because, once in the body, about 10 percent of codeine turns into morphine. This conversion occurs in the liver, where an enzyme changes codeine s... 

Propoxyphene is chemically related to methadone but has low analgesic activity. Various studies have reported its potency at levels ranging from no better than placebo to half as potent as codeine that is, 120 mg propoxyphene = 60 mg codeine. Its true potency probably lies somewhere between these extremes, and its analgesic effect is additive to that of an optimal dose of aspirin or acetaminophen. However, its low efficacy makes it unsuitable, even in combination with aspirin, for severe pain. The increasing incidence of deaths associated with its use and misuse has caused it to be scheduled as a controlled substance. Moreover, banning its use in the United States is under consideration. 

Whether requiring a written order in a hospital chart (or other inpatient health care institution) or a prescription written on a special form, hospital and community pharmacies exercise special caution when dispensing codeine and other controlled substances. In some cases, a doctor may choose to telephone the patient s pharma-... 

Codeine is a controlled substance in the United States. Its manufacture and distribution are controlled by... 

Dextromethorphan is not classified as a controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) of 1970. The CSA was created as a means to regulate the distribution and use of prescription drugs that are highly addictive, such as codeine, oxycodone, morphine, and hydromorphone. 

Fiorinal is a controlled substance also available with codeine. Isometheptene, dichloralphenazone. acetaminophen (Midrin ). 

Glutethimide in combination with codeine commonly abused and was referred to by various slang or street names including Sets, Loads, Three s and Eight s, Lours and Doors. Glutethimide was changed from a Schedule III to Schedule II Controlled Substance in 1991. 

Didehydro-4,5a-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl morphinan-6a-ol. CCRIS 7555 Codeine l-Codeine Codeine anhydrous Codicept Coduoept EINECS 200-969-1 HSDB 3043 Methylmorphine Morphine-3-methyl ether Morphine monomethyl ether. Analgesic, narcotic antitussive. Federally controlled substance (opiate). 

Dextromethorphan HBr is the ( + )-isomer of the 3-methoxy form of the synthetic opioid levorphanol. It lacks the analgesic, respiratory depressant, and abuse potential of p opioid agonists but retains the centrally acting antitussive action. Dextromethorphan is not an opioid and is not listed in the Controlled Substances Act. Its effectiveness as an antitussive is less than that of codeine. Dextromethorphan is available in a number of nonprescription cough formulations. 

Products containing 90 mg of codeine per dose are classified as what schedule controlled substance ... 

Of all the samples analyzed in 2008 by US local and state forensic labs for the presence of norunedically used drags, 25 controlled substances (Table 1.2) composed 90% of all samples. The most frequent fow were tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cocaine (berrzoylmethylecgonine), methamphetamine, and heroin. Of these 25, only 15 have been targeted in environmental studies of illicit drags amphetamine, cocaine, codeine, heroin, hydrocodone, MDA, MDMA, methadone, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, morphine, oxycodone, PCP (phencychdine), pseudoephedrine, and THC (A -tetrahydrocannabinol). 

SERS using colloidal NPs was successfully applied to the highly sensitive analysis of narcotics (Ryder 2005) as well as of other controlled substances amphetamines (Sagmuller et al. 2001), cocaine and nicotine (Cinta Pinzaru et al. 2004), codeine, morphine and hydrocodone (Rana et al. 2011). The approach based on Au- and Ag-doped sol-gels immobilized in glass capillaries (Earquharson et al. 

V. Rana, M.V. Canamares, T. Kubic, M. Leona, J.R. Lombardi, Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for trace identification of controlled substances morphine, codeine, and hydrocodone. J. Forensic Sci. 56, 200 (2011)... 

Opiates can effect serum levels of enzymes and other substances whose homeostatic control depends on clearance through the liver (F8, G12, M15, N4, S19). In one reported case, the aspartate aminotransferase was within normal limits before the administration of codeine, but within 2 hours after the drug, the enzyme activity had risen to two times the normal value by 8 hours to eight times the normal activity, and within 24 hours it had returned to normal (F8). Increases in transaminase to levels 5-85 times the control value have been reported in 6 of 16 patients with disease of the biliary tree following the administration of codeine phosphate (2 grains) (B7, F8). Gross has shown that morphine, codeine, or mepheridine administration produce elevations of serum amylase or lipase (G12). These elevations have been attributed to constriction of the sphincter of Oddi and increased intraductal pressure on the pancreatic duct (G12, N4). 

Opioids are those substances that can activate localized opioid receptors in the pain-controlling system of the body. Their action can therefore be antagonized by naloxone. From a clinical point of view, morphine is the most important substance of this group. It is obtained from opium, which is the brownish latex obtained from cuts made in the unripe but fully grown fruits of Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy. Opium contains not only morphine but also over thirty other alkaloids (Fig. 8-13) including the isoquinoline alkaloids codeine, papaverine, noscapine, thebaine and others, which make up ca. 25% of the opium. The alkaloids in opium are sometimes present as salts of meconic acid. The opiates form a separate subgroup within the opioids whose member... 

Other substances (see also Sect. 2.4.7) will be identified by individual Countries as requiring controls on their purchasing, record keeping and storage and use e.g. diazepam, codeine ergotamine and ephedrine. There are also substances which may be hazardous in another way i.e. the explosive nature of potassium permanganate. Pharmacies must be aware of these requirements and comply with all local legislation. 

---