Coatings three-dimensional

The advantage of curtain coating is uniform coating thickness on flat products with high transfer efficiency. The disadvantage is the inability to uniformly coat three-dimensional objects. 

Yu Y, Gu L, Zhu C, Tsukimoto S, Aken PAV, Maier J (2010) Reversible storage of lithium in silver-coated three-dimensional macroporous silicon. Adv Mater 22 2247-2250... 

Pra D, Chiarini A. Silk fibroin-coated three-dimensional polyurethane scaffolds for tissue engineering interactions with normal human fibroblasts (vol 9, pg 1113, 2003). Tissue Eng A 2013 19 316. 

Conventional oil-based lubricants are not suitable for application in MEMS, as the viscous forces can be quite large when compared with the forces involved in operating these components because the size of the oil molecules is of the same order as those of MEMS components [5], Therefore, many researchers have proposed ultrathin organic molecular layers as the lubricants for Si-based MEMS systems [3, 5, 8]. These ultrathin molecular lubricant layers are generally formed by two methods (a) the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method and (b) the self-assembly method [9]. The LB monolayers have two main difficulties for their use as the lubricant layers for MEMS components (a) LB films are less wear resistant, as the interaction forces between LB films and substrate (van der Waals) are weaker [10], and (b) application of the LB method is restricted to flat surfeces only, and it is not practical to coat three-dimensional surfaces of a structure [11-14],... 

Epoxy phenoHc coatings either are made by blending of a soHd epoxy resin with a phenoHc resin or are the products of the precondensation of a mixture of two resins. A three-dimensional stmcture is formed during curing which combines the good adhesion properties of the epoxy resin with the high chemical resistance properties of the phenoHc resin. The balanced properties of epoxy phenoHc coatings have made them almost universal in their appHcation on food cans. 

In addition to their role in composites, high performance fibers are also found in coated and laminated textile products, three-dimensional fabric stmctures, multifunctional property improvement, and intelligent or self-adaptive materials. 

In contrast to the older techniques, a newer method is to use a scanning tuimeling electron microscope to deposit metal coatings in microscopic images as small as 0.001 pm. The ultimate surface metallization techniques allow deposition of metals atom by atom in controlled three-dimensional arrays. 

K. N. Christodoulou, D. E. Scofield, and L. E. Scriven, "StabiUty of Multilayer Coating Flows to Three-Dimensional Disturbances," paper 96e,... 

Many coating flows are subject to instabilities that lead to unacceptable coating defects. Three-dimensional flow instabilities lead to such problems as ribbing. Air entrainment is another common defect. 

Since all members of this family of RNA phages have homologous coat proteins, their subunits are expected to have the same three-dimensional structure. It remains to be seen if the MS2 fold is also present in any other unrelated viruses. The fold is so far unique for the MS2 subunit, but similar structures have been observed in other proteins such as the major histocompatibility antigen, HLA, which was discussed in Chapter 15. 

The structure of whipped cream is quite complex. A coating of milk protein surrounds small globules of milk fat containing both solid and liquid fats. These globules stack into chains and nets around air bubbles. The air bubbles are also formed from the milk proteins, which create a thin membrane around the air pockets. The three-dimensional network of joined fat globules and protein films stabilizes the foam, keeping the whipped cream stiff. 

Deep recesses, holes, and other difficult three-dimensional configurations can usually be coated with relative ease. For instance, integrated circuit via holes with an aspect ratio of 10 1 can be completely filled with CVD tungsten. 

Most AR coatings are still produced by evaporation but CVD is gradually introduced particularly in applications with three-dimensional surfaces or deep recesses. AR coatings are used in numerous applications, which include lasers, lenses for cameras and binoculars, instrument panels, microscopes, telescopes, range finders, etc., as well as on automotive and architectural glasses. 

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