Coast cliff

Charcoal is made from wood ashes, sulfur is mined, and potassium nitrate (called Chilean saltpeter) was mined from dry cliffs on the coast of Chile, where fish-eating seabirds had their nests and restroom facilities. Over many centuries, this source accumulated in layers mary feet thick, and this was adequate for all nitrate needs until the end of the nineteenth century when deposits began to deplete faster than birds could replenish them and transportation and purification (odor is just part of the problem) kept costs high-... 

One of the major themes of this book jelled as I toured the cliff-side town of Positano on the Amalfi coast near Naples, where buildings grow like barnacles—from the tops of hills and down the sheer slope to the Gulf of Salerno. It suddenly hit me that behind every society was a hidden, elflike voice that whispered Build Create Build Create Moreover, some of the intricate structures I had seen during my journey were reminiscent of the sparkling, ornate palaces revealed to people under the influence of the psychoactive compound DMT (dimethyltryptamine). It seems as if DMT frees the mind to see the blueprint—hardwired by the whispering elves—instructing us to create, create, create. 

West, I. M. 2001. Burning Beach, Burning Cliffs and the Lyme Volcano Oil Shale Fires Geology of the Dorset Coast. School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Southampton University, Report Version U05.10.01, World Wide Web Address http // www.soton.ac.uk/ imw/kimfire.htm. 

Davis, R.A. (1996) Coasts. Prentice Hall, Englewood cliffs, NJ. 

The coasts of Odessa Bay are presently eroded and their condition is defined by landslide and caving processes widely developed on the steep coastal slopes. Here, the heights of the cliffs sometimes exceed 30 m. Intensive engineering coastal protection is performed. 

Abrasive coasts are mostly composed of clayey deposits, poorly-cemented rocks, or limestones. The cliff heights range from 15 to 35 m. The abrasion rate is controlled by the composition of the coastal rocks and the cliff heights. The recession of the cliffs is also caused by the development of landslide and caving processes, especially under the conditions of strong storms. The length of individual sliding blocks reaches 500 m at a width of up to 15 m. Deep surf niches are formed in the lower parts of the cliffs. 

The Tarkhankut Peninsula features abrasive coasts composed of coquina-limestone rocks with high (20-40 m) cliffs, surf niches, and deepened bench. Numerous grottos, abrasive niches, and underwater rocks are attractive for submarine excursions and diving [2]. 

In the west, the coasts of Bulgaria are mountainous in their southern part, while in the north, closer to the Rumanian boundary, they give place to the lowlands of the Danube Plain. Nevertheless, the abrasive type dominates over the coasts of this region. The height of the cliff increases up to 60 m near Cape Kaliakra and to 220 m north of the Batov River. The abrasive coastal slopes feature numerous landslides the abrasion rate of these coasts is up to 0.5 m/year [4]. 

Lithic artifacts were collected from three sites south of the industrial town of Sines along the western coast of the southern Portuguese Alentejo province (see Map I). Two of these sites, Samouqueira and Palheiroes do Alegra, are 30 km apart on cliffs above the modem sea shore the third site, Fiais, is 12... 

Fault bays are formed by horizontal movement of Earth s plates, but plates can also move up and down. If the seabed moves down and the continental mass remains in place, tall cliffs form along the coast. On the other hand, if the continent shifts upward, places that were once under water are suddenly exposed. This kind of movement pushed up much of the seafloor in Prince William Sound, Alaska, after an earthquake on March 27, 1964. 

Ocean forces create a variety of features on secondary coasts. The constant erosion caused by waves pounding on the shore carves out sea cliffs and caves. Just off the coast, the same wave action sculpts natural arches or flat platforms. In places where the underwater slope of the seafloor is not steep, waves and tides can deposit sediment and build an area of loose particles called a beach. In the United States, about 30 percent of the coastlines have beaches. 

Situated on Curacao s southwestern coastline on a magnificent stretch of white sand beach. All Inclusive Sunset Waters boasts large oceanfront rooms that offer panoramic vistas of the mountains, bays, cliffs, and calm, pristine waters that create Curacao s Gold Coast. Discover true Caribbean charm as the enthusiastic staff caters to your every need. Experienced Caribbean travelers find this intimate boutique hotel the perfect island retreat. 

Genetically, the Aralian coasts may be classified into three types, namely, abrasion coasts (modeled by marine erosion), depositional and abrasion-deposition-al ones [25]. Coasts of the first type (abrasion) are most common at the western, northern and part of the southern margins of the sea. They are built of compact calcareous marls and sandy-clayey Paleogene and Neogene rocks. Typically, they form high (up to 200 m) abrasion cliffs with wave-cut notches and a narrow strip of sandy beach. In areas where loose rocks occur, coasts are rather low, with a shallow notch and broader beach. There exist varieties of abrasion coasts, such as abrasion-denudation ones and abrasion coasts with slumps, with material from screes, rockfalls, and slumps present in the nearshore zone in abundance. 

The Hampden Beach section is a cliff section on the east coast of South Island, New Zealand (45°17.0 S, 170°50.75 E). Several important... 

Six miles below Dover down the chalk southeastern coast of England the old resort and harbor town of Folkestone fills a small valley which opens steeply to the strait Hills shelter the town to the north the chalk cliff west sustains a broad municipal promenade of lawns and flower beds. The harbor, where Allied soldiers embarked in great numbers for France, offers the refuge of a deep-water pier a third of a mile long with berths for eight steamers. The town remembers William Harvey, the seventeenth-century physician who discovered the circulation of the blood, as its most distinguished native son. 

The Balleny Islands were discovered by J. Balleny on February 9,1839. The coasts of the islands consist of steep cliffs and the interiors are covered by ice caps. Quartermain (1964) reported that volcanoes were erupting on Buckle Islands in 1839 and 1899 but a survey of infrared radiation by Burge and Parker (1969) did not detect thermal anomalies on any of the islands. 

The shore zone can be divided into the coast, the shore and the offshore (Fig. 3.35). The coast has been defined as the land immediateiy behind the cliffs, whereas the shore is regarded as that area between the base of the cliffs and low-water mark. That area that extends seawards from the low-water mark is termed the offshore. The shore itself is further divided into foreshore and backshore, the former embracing the intertidai zone, whiie the latter extends from the foreshore to the cliffs. 

Coasts undergoing erosion display two basic elements of the coastal profile, namely, the cliff and the bench or platform. In any theoretical consideration of the evolution of a coastal profile, it is assumed that the coast is newly uplifted above sea level. After some time, a wave-cut notch may be excavated, and its formation intensifies marine erosion in this narrow zone. The development of a notch varies according to the nature of the rock in which excavation is proceeding, for example, it may be present if the sediments are unconsolidated or if the bedding planes dip seawards. Where a notch develops, it gives rise to a bench, and the material above is undermined and collapses to form a cliff face. 

Beaches may be supplied with sand that is derived almost entirely from the adjacent sea floor, although in some areas, a larger proportion is produced by cliff erosion. During periods of low waves, the differential velocity between onshore and offshore motion is sufficient to move sand onshore except where rip currents are operational. Onshore movement is particularly notable when long-period waves approach a coast, whereas sand is removed from the foreshore during high waves of short period. 

Early in the siting process the investigations should include the collection and analysis of all available historical data on the stabihty of the local shoreline. For sandy or silty beaches it is customary to evaluate the stabihty of the shoreline on the assumption of both the onshore-offshore movement and the littoral transport of beach materials. When the coast is formed by cliffs, changes may occur in the coastline over a long period and may be able to be deduced from historical maps. 

Some coastal environments may be regarded as rather stable (rock and reef coasts) while others are more vulnerable (sand and mud coasts, soft cliffs). In this last case, coastal users and managers aU over the world are frequently faced with serious erosion of their sandy coasts. Possible causes of erosion include natural processes (i.e., action of waves, tides, currents, sea level rise, etc.) and sediment deficit due to human impact (i.e., river regulations, sand mining, and coastal engineering works). Countermeasmes for beach erosion control function depend on local conditions of shore and beach, coastal chmate, and sediment transport. Continuous maintenance and improvement of the coasthnes, together with monitoring and studies of coastal processes have yielded considerable experience on various coastal protection measures all over the world. 

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