Coal results

In 1990, a test using scrap tires (2x2 in. I DE) to generate steam for electricity was conducted at the Elexsys plant. The I DE replaced 20% of the plant s coal. Results showed that IDE is an environmentally sound fuel. Particulate emissions were reduced by the lower ash content of IDE, volatile organic compounds (VOC) were reduced because of more efficient burning of I DE compared to coal, and carbon dioxide emissions were reduced because I DE contains half the fixed carbon found in coal. Nitrogen oxide, chlorine emissions, and metals were also reduced, and ferrous metals and dioxins were nondetectable (7). 

Mineral Matter in Goal. The mineral matter (7,38) in coal results from several separate processes. Some comes from the material inherent in all living matter some from the detrital minerals deposited during the time of peat formation and a third type from secondary minerals that crystallized from water which has percolated through the coal seams. 

Historically, the production of coke from coal resulted from the pressures exerted by environmental and economic forces. In the late 1500s, demand for wood in England began to surpass supply. At that time, wood was converted into charcoal for use as a reductant of iron ore by the burgeoning metallurgical industries. By 1710, Abraham Darby of Coalbrookdale m Shropshire, England, commercialized the production of pig iron by utilizing the coke from coal... 

The electrokinetic properties were determined by streaming potential methods (I). Results indicated that the surface characteristics of the litho-types are different. Hydronium and hydroxyl ions appeared to be potentialdetermining ions for coal. Results of a typical streaming potential investigation are shown in Figure 2. Potential-determining ions may be loosely defined as those ions which participate in the the electrolytic reaction that establishes equilibrium at the solid-liquid interface. When the potential-determining ions... 

Anthracite A metamorphic coal that contains very little water in its chemical structure. Anthracites usually form at subsurface temperatures above 200 °C (Boggs, 1995), 279. The coal results from the metamorphism of lignite, subbituminous, or bituminous coals. 

Although the resistance of coals to abrasion may have little apparent commercial significance, the abrasiveness of coal is, on the other hand, a factor of considerable importance. Thus, the wear of grinding elements due to the abrasive action of coal results in maintenance charges that constitute one of the major items... 

Coke. Just as the destructive distillation of wood yields wood charcoal and volatile products, so the heating of bituminous coals results in a wide variety of useful volatile materials and amorphous carbon in the form known as coke. The chief uses of coke are in connection with the iron and steel industries, but important quantities of this form of carbon are also used as a fuel in other industries and in the home. 

CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS AND STANDARD ERRORS FOR THE SUBBITUMINOUS COAL RESULTS... 

Figures 4, 5, and 6 show the solid conversion efficiencies of the three SRC and the reference coals in air in the DTFS at three temperatures (furnace wall temperatures of 2500, 2700, and 2800 F). The CSD and PFD SRC and WSB reference coal achieved a high solid conversion efficiency (>75%) in less than 50 milliseconds, while the ASD SRC and the KHB reference coal resulted in lower initial conversion efficiencies, less than 60%. The initial high degree of conversion of the CSD and PFD SRC results in relatively low amounts of residual char to be burned in the latter stages of combustion.

Other fuels were also tried in the early stages of fuel cell development. Coal, the major fuel at that time, was considered as a candidate. Attempts to replace hydrogen with coal resulted in the invention of alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) and molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). Mond used reformate gas from coal, which contained abundant hydrogen, as the fuel, with the intention of scaling up Grove s fuel cell to produce electric power. However, impurities poisoned the catalyst and made Mond s design impractical. 

The recombination of the fragments In at least our medium volatile coal resulted In materials with low extract-ability being formed again. 

The xylenes, e.g., yield a lai er percent weight increase than does phenol and yet no significant solubilization of the coal results. In order to compare the products from depolymerization with m-xylene to those using phenol, products from these reactions were extracted with pyridine for 24 hours using a soxhlet extractor. The phenol depolymerization product proved... 

Coal, like most materials found in nature, contains trace quantities of the naturally occurring primordial radionuclides. Therefore, the combustion of coal results in the release to the environment of some natural activity and in the re-distribution of that natural activity from deep in the earth to locations where it can modify ambient radiation fields and population radiation exposure. 

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