Coal apparatus, schematic

This method was similar to that used by Hiteshue et al (3). In this method sand (50 g, mesh 0.42 - 0.15 mm) was mixed with the coal (25 g, mesh 0.5 - 0.25 mm). The addition of sand to the coal helped to prevent agglomeration (4). All the experiments used an aqueous solution of stannous chloride impregnated on the coal as a catalyst. The amount of catalyst added on a tin basis was 1% of the mass of the coal. These mixtures were placed in a hot-rod reactor and heated to 500°C at a heating rate of 200°C per minute. Residence time at temperature was 15 minutes. Hydrogen at a flow rate of 22 liters/minute and a pressure of 25 MPa was continously passed through the fixed bed of coal/sand/catalyst. The volatile products were collected in high-pressure cold traps. A schematic of the apparatus used is shown in Figure 2. 

Apparatus. The sorption of methanol on coal was measured in the apparatus shown schematically in Figure 1. It consisted of three McBain-Bakr tvpe balances, the springs for which were formed from 0.005-inch Ni-Span-C alloy wire annealed at 600°C. The diameters of these springs were about 1.5 cm.,... 

In our small-angle x-ray scattering studies of coals, x-rays (wavelength 1.54A) from a copper-target diffraction tube were formed into a well-defined beam and struck the coal sample, which was in powdered form and which had a thickness of about 1 mm. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the scattering apparatus. 

Figure 2. Schematic of coal liquefaction apparatus. AC2 is equipped with an internal heater and AC3 is equipped with an internal cooling coil. All autoclaves and the heated fitter are equipped with pressure gauges, thermocouples, and temperature controllers.

Figure 7.1 shows a schematic view of laser ablation apparatus in solutions used for the formation of polyynes. Small particles of graphite (Kishida Chem. diameter 75 pm), coal (Indonesian Tanilo I larum or Australian Work-worth), or Cgo (MER corporation) were suspended in a selected solvent. The amount of particles used was 0.05-0.1 g per 10 ml. Elemental analyses of Tanito Harum and Workworth coals showed the following C H N O ratios 71.2 4.4 1.6 21.7% and 79.9 5.6 1.6 12.8%, respectively. As solvents, benzene, toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, methanol, hcxafluorobenzene, perfluorooctane, and perfluorodecaline (Kishida Chem Ind. Tokyo Kasei, or Azmax spectral grade) were used for graphite, hexane was used for coals, and hexane and methanol were employed for Cgg. 

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