Voltage closed-circuit

Closed circuit voltage is the voltage of a cell or battery when the battery is producing current into the external circuit. 

Under energized condition when the CT s secondary is a closed circuit, voltage developed across the relay. 

Polarization Voltage different between OCV and //f-free CCV (closed-circuit voltage) vs. Hg/HgO (9 mol L"1 KOH). 

Closed circuit voltage, 3 410 Closed-circular DNA, 27 611. See also Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Closed-closed tubular reactors, 25 288 Closed-loop bioremediation defined, 3 759t... 

The effect of discharge rate is shown in Figs 3.13 and 3.14 where closed circuit voltage characteristics and service life of D-size cells are shown as a function of current drain. The fact that service life increases as current density decreases suggests that for this type of system it is always best to use as large a cell as possible. It has been estimated that over a wide range of current densities, the service life is tripled by halving the current density. 

Figure 2. The graph shows the model of a Li-ion cell, with the open circuit voltage C/q, the closed circuit voltage U and the overvoltage Tj. The overvoltage is expressed by an impedance-based model with the impedance Z.

The cell voltage under load, the closed circuit voltage (CCV), depends on the current, the state of charge, and on the cell s history, like its hfetime or storage period. 

When electric current is flowing through the cell, the closed-circuit voltage depends on both the direction and magnitude of the current and the temperature. 

The closed-circuit voltage is the voltage under a load condition. 

FIGURE 8.6 Open and closed-circuit voltage of three types of manganese dioxide (in 9M KOH). From Kozawa and Powers.)... 

Closed-Circuit Voltage. The closed-circuit voltage (CCV), or working voltage, of the zinc-carbon battery is a function of the load or current drain the cell is required to deliver. The heavier the load or the smaller the circuit resistance, the lower the closed-circuit voltage. Table 8.4 illustrates the effect of load resistance on the closed-circuit voltage for D-size batteries in both the Leclanche and zinc-chloride systems. 

V2 = closed circuit voltage reading at the application load, VO... 

The monovalent silver oxide is a very poor conductor of electricity. Without any additives, a monovalent silver oxide cathode would exhibit a very high cell impedance and an unacceptably low closed-circuit voltage (CCV). To improve the initial CCV, the monovalent silver oxide is generally blended with 1 to 5% powdered graphite. However, as the cathode continues to discharge, the silver metal produced by the reaction helps to keep the internal cell resistance low and the CCV high ... 

FIGURE 12.1 Closed-circuit voltage of various zinc/silver oxide chemistries, 7.8 x 3.6 mm button type battery. A Zn- double-treatment AgO B Zn-Ag20 C Zn-AgO/ silver plumbate D Zn-AgNi02. (a) Discharge on 150 fl, 21°C. (b) Discharge on 15 kfl,... 

As the metallic silver layer is depleted, the cell demonstrates an increase in open-circuit voltage and impedance. The high impedance, due to high internal resistance, results in a low closed-circuit voltage and a nonfunctional cell. 

Figures 12.10 and 12.11 show the initial closed-circuit voltage of representative sizes of zinc/silver oxide batteries at various loads and temperatures.

FIGURE 12.10 Qosed-circuit voltage of zinc/sil- FIGURE 12.11 Closed-circuit voltage of zinc/sU-... 

FIGURE 12.12 Closed-circuit voltage curves for Zn-AgO cells with NaOH and KOH as electrolytes, 7.8 X 3.6 mm size, (a) NaOH cell, analog watch text, (b) KOH cell, LCD watch with backlight test. 

The nominal open-circuit voltage for a zinc/air battery is 1.4 V. The initial closed-circuit voltage at 20°C ranges from 1.15 to 1.35 V, depending on the discharge load. The discharge is relatively flat, with 0.9 V the typical end voltage. 

Technology Open- circuit voltage, V Approx. closed- circuit, voltage," V Theoretical specific capacity, Ah/kg Theoretical specific energy, Wh/kg Operating temperature, °C Recharge time, h Self-discharge, % per month 20°C... 

Initial (Closed-Circuit) Voltage The on-load voltage at the beginning of a discharge. 

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