Cloning embryo culture

Organized growth cultures maintain their original organ structure such as root cultures and embryo cultures. Root cultures can be established from root tips taken from many plants. The hairy root clones that are produced can be cultivated to produce metabolites. Embryo cultures may be established from embryos removed from sterilized seeds, ovules, or fruits. Embryo cultures can be employed for the rapid production of seedlings from seeds that have a protracted dormancy period. 

Therapeutic cloning uses the same procedures as reproductive cloning however, instead of transferring the cloned embryo into the womb of a surrogate mother, the embryo is further manipulated in the laboratory to make cell cultures of embryonic cells for basic or clinical research. 

Therapeutic Cloning. To make embryonic cell cultures, cloned embryos are made by means of somatic cell nuclear transplantation. They are then either disassembled in the laboratory and used to establish embryonic cell cultures or gestated in a surrogate... 

By culturing specific cells from cloned embryos, scientists can make embryonic stem cell (ESC) cultures. During mammalian development, two distinct cell populations form after the first few days of embryonic development. The trophoblast, or the flattened, outer layer of cells, will eventually form the placenta and its associated structures. The inner cell mass (IGM) is the round, inner clump of cells that develop to form the embryo proper and a few structures associated with the placenta. If IGM cells are isolated and cultured on feeder cells, a layer of nondividing skin cells that secrete a cocktail of growth-promoting chemicals, the IGM cells will grow and spread over the surface of the culture dish. Such a culture is an embryonic stem cell culture, and these cells are pluripotent, which means that they can differentiate into any cell type in the adult body. 

MAFF clone 1 grown on MS solid medium was transferred into 1/2 MS, MS, B5, WP and RC liquid media and cultured for 2 months at either 22 °C or 25 °C in the dark (Table 22). Although the mixture of undifferentiated cells (UC) and differentiated tissues (shoots and embryos) (DT) were used as inoculum, UC predominantly proliferated in the liquid medium. The cells grew well in all liquid media except RC medium. However, DT production was restricted to the B5 and the WP media at 22 °C. In this culture condition, only sanguinarine could be detected by HPLC, showing the highest levels in the cells grown in the RC medium. 

In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned by a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer. A nucleus from an adult mammary cell was transferred into an egg from which the nucleus had been removed. The egg was allowed to divide several times In culture, then the embryo was transferred to a surrogate mother who gave birth to Dolly. Dolly died In 2003 after mating and giving birth herself to viable offspring. What does the creation of Dolly tell us about the potential of nuclear material derived from a fully differentiated adult cell Does the creation of Dolly tell us anything about the potential of an intact, fully differentiated adult cell Name three types of information that function to preserve cell type. Which of these types of Information was shown to be reversible by the Dolly experiment ... 

Nose et al. (1992) have identified a protein, connectin, which is expressed on a subset of muscles and the motoneurons that innervate them, in the Drosophila embryo. The connectin gene has been cloned and found to encode a signal sequence, ten leucine-rich repeats, and a putative phosphodylinositol membrane linkage. The protein can mediate homophilic cell adhesion in S2 tissue culture cells. Expression of connectin correlates temporally with the formation of connections between these motoneurons and their muscles. 

---