Climatic variability effect

The ET cover cannot be tested at every landfill site so it is necessary to extrapolate the results from sites of known performance to specific landfill sites. The factors that affect the hydrologic design of ET covers encompass several scientific disciplines and there are numerous interactions between factors. As a consequence, a comprehensive computer model is needed to evaluate the ET cover for a site.48 The model should effectively incorporate soil, plant, and climate variables, and include their interactions and the resultant effect on hydrology and water balance. An important function of the model is to simulate the variability of performance in response to climate variability and to evaluate cover response to extreme events. Because the expected life of the cover is decades, possibly centuries, the model should be capable of estimating long-term performance. In addition to a complete water balance, the model should be capable of estimating long-term plant biomass production, need for fertilizer, wind and water erosion, and possible loss of primary plant nutrients from the ecosystem. 

Tibet we also obtained carbonates from older geomorphic surfaces, in order to develop some perspective on the isotopic effects of climate variability during the Quaternary. 

Hurrell J.W. and Dickson R.R. (2004). Climate variability over the North Atlantic. In N.C. Stenseth, G. Ottersen, J.W. Hurrell, A. Belgrano, and B. Planque (eds.), Ecological Effects of Climatic Variations in the North Atlantic Ocean. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 254-261. 

The techniques described and illustrated above now enable us to predict reliably the influence of the major climatic variables upon the rate of release of All-tetradecenal from controlled release formulations under field conditions. With suitable recalibration, these methods should be applicable to any climatic conditions as well as any chemicals. A complete understanding of the release performance of a given formulation will, for the first time, permit us to interpret the results of a field treatment with the confidence that we are dealing with a biological effect, not a formulation effect. 

Eckman et al. 1996 Barth et al. 2000) and aerosol indirect effects (e.g., Liao et al. 2003), with a few exceptions after mid. 1990s when truly-coupled systems were developed to enable a full range of feedbacks between meteorology/climate variables and a myriad of gases and size-resolved aerosols (e.g., Jacobson 1995, 2000 Ghan et al. 2001a, b, c). 

Granberg G., Ottoson-Ldfvenius M., and Grip H. (2001) Effect of climatic variability from 1980 to 1997 on simulated methane emission from a boreal mixed mire in northern Sweden. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 977-991. 

Despite these caveats, oxygen isotopic ratios are probably the most widely used climate proxy in ocean history research. Reasons for this widespread use relate to the history of oxygen isotopes in geological research (see Section 6.14.2), the fact that they can be measured quite precisely by mass spectrometry and are relatively immune, at least in younger deposits, to secondary effects, the fact that records tend to be quite reproducible and clearly record climate variability, and finally, because records have proven so useful for stratigraphic and chronological purposes. 

Tian H., Melillo J. M., Kicklighter D. W., McGuire A. D., Helfrich J. V. K., Moore B., and Vorosmarty C. J. (1998) Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems. Nature 396, 664-667. 

Fowler et al. [198] examined the effects of shelter wood cutting (30-percent canopy removal) and clear cutting clearings from 0.8 to 8.5 ha on climatic variables of the High Ridge Evaluation Area within the Umatilla National Forest in northeastern Oregon. 

The impact of the temperature gradient on metamorphism explains many of the features of Figure 1. The typical HGM-type metamorphism of the taiga snowpack eventually transforms most of the snowpack into depth hoar, " while the QIM-type metamorphism of the maritime and Alpine snowpacks forms, in the absence of melting, layers of small rounded grains 0.2 to 0.4 mm in diameter. However, considering the effects of other climate variables such as wind speed is necessary to explain features such as the presence of windpacks formed of small rounded grains in the tundra snowpack. 

Vltlcultural aspects. Vitlcultural research would benefit from detailed investigations concerning influences of major preharvest variables on monoterpene composition of fruit. Different pruning techniques, trellis designs, soil characteristics and climatic variables have yet to be assessed for their impact on grape flavorants. Research has been carried out on some of these factors in relation to wine quality (92,93) and now their effect on fruit... 

E.J. Fee, R.E. Hecky, S.E.M. Kasian, D.R. Cruikshank (1996). Effects of lake size, water clarity, and climatic variability on mixing depths in Canadian shield lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 912-920. 

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