Climatic data relative humidity

Data to demonstrate the stability characteristics of both the drug substance and the drug product must be collected. Studies using three different batches of both substance and product in their respective containers/packaging must be conducted. Real-time data should be collected under conditions of temperature and relative humidity in line with the recommended storage. Conditions in different world climatic zones must be taken into consideration for cases where normal environmental... 

Site-specific climatic factors that are important to selection of landfill cover type and to design of ET landfill covers include daily measurements of precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, total solar radiation, and wind run.6 45 55 If all of the data are not available, one can make useful—but less accurate—estimates of cover performance using only daily precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature measurements. 

The task remains to determine the mean annual enthalpy from plant physiognomy. An analysis is presented relating foliar physiognomic characters to mean annual values of enthalpy, temperature, specific humidity, and relative humidity that exploits the method and data in the Climate-Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (Wolfe 1993). From present-day plant data collected from North America, Puerto Rico, and Japan, the leaf parameters are searched for linear combinations of the foliar characteristics that covary with the local climates. By doing so, the foliar characteristics can be determined that covary with one another and which best correlate with climate parameters. 

From the CLAMP data and associated mean annual climate data, Forest et al. (1999) obtained estimates of enthalpy, temperature, relative humidity, and specific humidity (Fig. 6). The data set has been reduced by removing the outliers as indicated by scores along the third and fourth axes (see Wolfe 1995 for a description). The axis eigenvalues from CANOCO indicate that significant information is contained in the first 6 axes and implies that the use of the axes three and four as an outlier indicator should be robust. The estimates of the climate data indicate that mean annual enthalpy can be predicted from fossil leaf physiognomy with an uncertainty of aH = + 5.5 kJ/kg. Additionally, the standard errors for the estimates of temperature, specific humidity, and relative humidity are respectively, aT= 1.8 °C, aq= 1.7 g/kg, and = 13%. 

Table 1.4-1 presents three-year climatic data from the A36 meteorological tower. The data were recorded 10 m (33 ft) above ground surface. The general trends to note include the large average daily temperature range as shown by the daily maximum and minimum temperatures, the windy season that produces low relative humidity between April and June, and the warm-season precipitation pattern. 

In the climate/environment analysis, detailed climatic data (hourly temperature, precipitation, wind, relative humidity, etc.) are required for predicting temperature and moisture content in each of the pavement layers and then pavement distress. Climatic data are available from weather stations but MEPDG has an extensive number of weather stations embedded in its software for ease of use. 

The open or working time is stated in the technical data sheet for the product concerned and must never be exceeded. It should also be borne in mind that the stated tack-free or skinning time is only applicable for the standard climatic conditions specified in the data sheet. At higher temperatures and/or relative humidity levels, the tack-free time is significantly shorter. 

The empirical equations are used extensively to relate performance on lifetests to that which would be obtained under the more benign service conditions. However, it should always be appreciated that the experimental data on which to judge their accuracy are limited. The (RH) equation has been shown to be in reasonable accord with the relative responses to tests performed at 85°C/85% RH and the tropical climate conditions of 27°C/90% RH but, as with the other equations, there is a need to extend the comparison to the lower relative humidities encountered in temperate climates. Unfortunately, such studies will be difficult to perform, because the improvements in plastic encapsulation have made the test times needed to make such comparisons extremely long. 

In order to relate Fig. 6.8 to the conditions likely to be encountered in service, the shaded portion is added to define the region corresponding to the (hopefully) unlikely case of operation in liquid water, and the data points indicate the monthly average conditions for a typical UK uncontrolled environment (i) when there is no internal heating, and (ii) when such heating is just sufficient to raise the temperature of the die by an amount (16 C) to ensure that the relative humidity at the die surface will always be less than 30%. From this data it can be concluded that a 1000 h 85°C/85% RH lifetest will simulate 20 years operation in any UK environment. However, by performing a similar exercise for tropical climates (typically 27°C/90% RH) it can be shown... 

Fig. 13.10 Results of FEM simulations of the humidity in PV modules in the encapsulant. Left diagram in front of the impermeable silicon cell (Pos 4 in the inset to the right) calculated with real monitored climatic border conditions at different locations with periodic repletion of one-year data of weathering. Right diagram during an extended damp-heat testing for 3000 h at 85 °C and 85 % relative humidity at different places in the PV module 1 is between the permeable back-sheet, 2 in the gap between two cells, 3 at halfway between edge and centre of a cell, 4 at the centre of the cell...

Fig. 13.12 Service life testing time at accelerated, constant conditions (85 % rel. humidity at 85 °C) corresponding to 25 years operation simulated with 1-year monitored ambient and microclimatic stress data for three different climatic locations...

Experiments with sunlight can never be exactly reproduced, in terms of light intensity and spectral composition as well as other climatic variables such as temperature, relative humidity, etc. The ultimate phototoxicity of a-terthienyl in late 3rd or 4th instar larvae of A. aegypti, A. taeniorhynchus, and Culex quiquefasciatus was very similar under Florida sun (6h exposure), the LC50 values 18 hours later ranging between 0.001 and 0.02 ppm. These values are in reasonable agreement with data obtained under UV irradiation (120). 

The decreasing levels of SO2 and increasing frequency of car traffic has resulted in a new multi-pollutant situation in many urban and industrial areas. In order to possibly quantify the corrosion effects caused by this new multi-pollutant situation an extended exposure program was performed that took place between 1997 and 2001 and involved some 30 test sites in 18 countries in Europe and North America [91]. Specimens of carbon steel, zinc, copper, bronze, limestone, paint-coated steel, and glass representative of medieval stained glass windows were exposed for up to four years. At each site, the environmental data measured included climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine radiation), gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, HNO3, and O3), particles (presented as PMio, i.e., concentration of particles with diameter < 10 pm), and precipitation (total amount, conductivity, and concentration of, i.e., H+, S04 , N03, Cl", NH4+). 

From these mineralogical and geochemical data we may reconstruct the formations of the Upper Silurian as potential source rocks for hydrocarbons. The widespread presence of large proportions of iUitic-kaolinitic clay minerals indicates that the Silurian sedimentation took place under relative tectonic stability and that the supply of the clastic material came from a peneplaned region with humid climate resulting in a weathering zone of illito-kaolinitic composition. 

The amount of data available in the literature involving long exposure times in hot humidity of metal adherends other than aluminum is also quite limited. Brockmann ) has compared the rate of degradation on steel joints exposed to 95% RH conditions for four months to the same time exposure in 40°C water or the natural climate of North Germany. The environments were decreasing in severity on the joints in the order 40°C >95% RH > the natural atmosphere. Exposure of titanium joints to 95-100% RH was used by Mahoon(i36) to discriminate the relative durability imparted by varying surface pretreatments. 

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