Clay minerals distribution

GLOBAL PATTERNS OF QUARTZ AND CLAY MINERAL DISTRIBUTIONS... 

Global Patterns of Quartz and Clay Mineral Distributions 369... 

Latitudinal patterns in clay mineral distributions are pronounced in abyssal plain sediments as illustrated in Figures 14.8 through 14.11. These latitudinal bands reflect the... 

Platt J. D. (1993) Controls on clay mineral distribution and chemistry in the Early Permian Rotliegend of Germany. Clay Min. 28, 393-416. 

By contrast, smectite clays develop in poorly drained sites. On the basaltic island of Hawaii, soil clay mineral type changes in the sequence smectite-kaoli-nite-gibbsite as rainfall amount increases (Fig. 4.18). A similar, generalized zona-tion has been proposed for clay mineral distribution with depth in soils, again based on the degree of leaching (Fig. 4.19). 

Brown, B. E. and M. L. Jackson (1958). Clay mineral distribution in the Hiawatha sandy soils of northern Wisconsin. Clays and Clay Minerals 71, 213-266. 

Table 7.5. Sequence of clay mineral distribution with increasing soil development3...

Petschick, R., Kuhn, G. and Gingele, F., 1996. Clay mineral distribution in surface sediments of the South Atlantic sources, transport, and relation to... 

Table 2 General relationships between the clay mineral distribution and the three main Earth s orbital frequency bands according to latitude, from cross-correlation spectral analysis of X-ray diffraction data on North Atlantic cores...

Bout-Roumazeilles V, Debrabant P, Labeyrie L, Chamley H, and Cortijo E (1997) Latitudinal control of astronomical forcing parameters on the high-resolution clay mineral distribution in the 45°-60° N range in the North Atlantic Ocean during the past 300,000 years. Paleoceanography 12 671-686. 

Particle size distribution Bulk density Clay mineral type pH... 

Carbonates, organic matter, Fe and Mn oxides, and clay minerals play important roles in controlling overall reactivity of trace elements in soils and sediments. This chapter addresses the interaction of trace elements with carbonates, organic matter, Fe and Mn oxides and clay minerals. Analytical techniques for trace element speciation in solid-phase and their distribution among various solid-phase components in arid and semi-arid soils are reviewed. Solubilities of trace elements in solid phases and their mineralogical characteristics in arid and semi-arid soils also are discussed. 

Table 4.5 gives the experimentally determined distribution of Ca2+ and K+ for three clay minerals at various equivalent concentrations of Ca2+ and K+. The results demonstrate the concentration dependence of the selectivity they also show that marked differences exist among various clays. 

The distribution of the major elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K,. ..) in soils is well known to be governed by ion-exchange processes (1). The behaviour of transition elements such as Co, Ni, Cd, Cu, etc. in natural systems (soils, sediments) often results from a combination of different effects such as precipitation, sorption in oxides, exchange in clay minerals and complexation with organic... 

Comparison of the Gibbs energies of Na -alkylammonium exchange in different clay minerals with their charge distribution from CNDO (complete neglect of differential overlap)... 

From the data presented herein and in earlier publications, [16,17, 28] it is possible to deduce the following distribution of total N in soils proteinaceous materials (proteins, peptides, and amino acids) 40%, amino sugars 5%, heterocyclic N compounds (including purines and pyrimidines) 35 %, and NH3 20% with about 1/4 of the NH3 fixed as NH4 to clay minerals. Thus, proteinaceous materials and heterocyclic N compounds are the major soil N components. 

Many compounds, including clay minerals, form needle- or plateshaped crystals. With finely dispersed minerals, the electron diffraction method can give a special kind of diffraction pattern, the texture pattern, which contains a two dimensional distribution of a regularly arranged set of 3D reflections [2], Specimens of fine-grained lamellar or fiber minerals, prepared by sedimentation from suspensions onto supporting surfaces or films, form textures in which the component microcrystals have a preferred orientation. Texture patterns of lamellar crystals tilted with respect to the electron beam are called oblique texture electron diffraction patterns [1]. 

Some of the clays that enter the ocean are transported by river input, but the vast majority of the riverine particles are too large to travel fer and, hence, settle to the seafloor close to their point of entry on the continental margins. The most abundant clay minerals are illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and chlorite. Their formation, geographic source distribution and fete in the oceans is the subject of Chapter 14. In general, these minerals tend to undergo little alteration until they are deeply buried in the sediments and subject to metagenesis. 

Distribution of kaoiinite (as a peroentage of the four major clay minerals) in the < 2 jxm nonoarbonate fraction of deep-sea sediments. Source From Griffin, J. J., et al. (1968). Deep-Sea Research, 15, 433-459. 

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