Clay ammonia complexes

Hydrolysis of urea is catalyzed by urease, an enzyme that can survive extracellularly in organic matter-clay soil complexes the reaction can proceed rapidly in warm, moist soils containing large amounts of the enzyme. Wider use of urease inhibitors (phosphoryl di- and triamides) may eventually reduce large ammonia volatilization losses see Byrnes, B. H., and... 

Ammonia/ammonium N (NH/NH ) Ammonia is colorless and readily solnble in water. The Ionic form is present under acidic soil conditions, whereas nnionized form is present under alkaline conditions. Ammonia is also absorbed on soil cation exchange complex or fixed in the crystal lattice of clay minerals. Indnstrially, ammonia is prodnced throngh the Haber process at 400°C and 250 atm (N2 + 3H2 —> NHj). Ammonia is a common source of fertilizers as (1) anhydrous ammonia directly injected into the soil and (2) ammonium salts such as ammonium nitrate or ammoninm snlfate. Ammoninm fertilizer applied to upland or aerobic soils is rapidly oxidized to nitrate. Intensive nse of these fertilizers and excessive rainfall or irrigation have resulted in elevated levels of nitrate in gronndwaters. 

Clay-modified electrodes with ruthenium purple Enzymic treatment with Cucumis sativus tissue which is a rich source of ascorbate oxidase Based on the quantitative electrolysis of AA A four-channel multipotentiostat for simultaneous measurements with microelectrode arrays. To reduce the complexity of electrochemistry cell, only one reference, and one auxiliary electrode are used Electrocatalytic determination of AA using tetraaza macrocycle-modified electrodes Neutralization of AA in ammonia leading to a change in conductivity... 

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