Claus technology

The ACP system combines a sulfur dioxide scrubbing system based on spray dryer technology with a regeneration system based on a unique reduction step coupled to chemical recovery and Claus technologies. This combination results in an efficient and reliable process for application to sulfur dioxide pollution problems. The remainder of this paper discusses the details of the process and typical installation characteristics and also presents process economics which indicate that the ACP system is economically feasible a well as technically sound. 

Grancher, P., 1978, Advances in Claus technology, Part 1 Studies in reaction mechanics, Hydro. Process., Vol. 57, No. 7, pp. 155-160, Advances in Claus technology. Part 2 Improvements in industrial units operating methods, Hydro. Process., Vol, 57, No. 9, pp. 257-262. 

To further improve the general safety standards, the Delaney Clause was included in the Pood Additives Amendment of 1958. The Delaney Clause states that no food additive or color additive can be deemed safe if it has been found to induce cancer when ingested by humans or animals (23). The Clause acts as an absolute prohibition on the use of any additive found to cause cancer without any regard for whether, or to what extent, the substance is hazardous to human health. As scientific advances continue, both in the realm of food technology and analysis of previously undetected contaminants, the... 

A disadvantage of the hydrocarbon—sulfur process is the formation of one mole of hydrogen sulfide by-product for every two atoms of hydrogen in the hydrocarbon. Technology for efficient recovery of sulfur values in hydrogen sulfide became commercially available at about the same time that the methane—sulfur process was developed. With an efficient Claus sulfur recovery unit, the hydrocarbon—sulfur process is economically attractive. 

The first two statements in clause 4.1.1.4 create an ambiguity when read together. The first calls for improvements in quality, service, cost, and technology (but not productivity) to be provided for in the quality policy but not implemented and the second calls for improvement in quality and productivity to be identified and implemented with no mention of cost, service, or technology. 

Ultimately, pollution can only be avoided by complete removal of SO2 from the effluent gases, but this council of perfection is both technologically and economically unattainable. Many processes are available to reduce the SO2 concentration to very low figures, but the vast scale of power generation and domestic heating by coal and oil still results in substantial emission. SO2 can be removed by scrubbing with a slurry of milk of lime , CafOH) . Alternatively, partial reduction to H2S using natural gas (CH4), naphtlia or coal, followed by catalytic conversion to elemental sulfur by the Claus process can be used ... 

Pressure-driven membrane processes to replace the absorption-sequence are under development, but the separated H2S (and other components which co-diffuse) will have to be treated with Claus or similar technology. 

Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstr. 20, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany claus ct.chemie.tu-darmstadt.de... 

Techniques for purification of acid gas streams by removal of H2S, COS and carbon dioxide are standard technology. Recovery of elemental sulfur from these acid gas streams by use of Claus or Stretford units is also conventional technology. These technologies are being practiced on a large scale by both petroleum refiners and natural gas processors. 

The elemental sulfur is removed by conventional technology. The gases are purified by the Lurgi Rectisol process which uses a low temperature methanol wash to remove H2S, COS and CO2. The acid gas stream is then passed to a Stretford unit which is preferred to the Claus unit because of the high percentage of carbon dioxide in the stream. Sulfur in the stack gas would be removed by conventional flue gas desulfurization techniques and the sulfur would then remain as sulphite sludge and not be recovered as elemental sulfur. 

Interpretation and intentions for ERES must be detailed in the validation plan, identifying the procedures to be used to verify and test compliance. These procedures must address both procedural and technological controls so that qualification testing demonstrates compliance with the clauses of the regulations that are applicable to the specific system GMP application. 

P. Claus, M. Baerns, Parallel Synthesis and Fast Catalytic Testing of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Microreaction Technology Parallel Preparation and Testing of Catalysts, 21st June 2001, Dechema, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Book of Abstracts. 

Unpublished data provided by Dr Claus K. Larsen at Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Road Technology Department (NRRL), Oslo, Norway, August 2002. 

Technology transfer specialists, in contrast, are more focused on business aspects. They need to be able to work closely with and understand the work of the industrial property people, to help them check on the patent applications filed by the institution. But they also, and more importantly, must follow market trends involving the portfolio of patents and applications, orient the preparation of technical cooperation, detect and contact potential partners for future technology transfers, negotiate and draft contractual instruments applicable to each case, monitor the partnerships formed, deal with external law offices specializing in intellectual property, and act in cases of breach of contractual clauses. In relation to this last item, when a contractual infraction or other compliance problem is noted, a choice must be made as to what action to take. Will it be by judicial action or some form of alternative dispute resolution ... 

H2S remediation in the oil industry, and in natural gas technology, seems to have found an economically superior process in the electrochemical version produced in the Center for Electrochemical Systems and Hydrogen Research at Texas A M University. However, its use as a cleanup tool to replace the chemical Claus process... 

The H2S concentration in the tail gas of a conventional Claus plant is still some 5%. This H2S is normally incinerated to S02 and released to the atmosphere. Due to stricter environmental regulations a large number of new technologies based on Claus tail gas treatment have been developed to minimise the S02 exhaust from sulphur recovery units. The Superclaus process and the Shell Claus Off-Gas Treating (SCOT) process are treated below. For descriptions of other tail-gas processes, the reader is referred to [2],... 

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