Classification physical property

Fire chemistry, burning characteristics, extinguishing methods, elements of combustion, fire classifications, physical properties of fuels, and extinguishing agents. 

CLASSIFICATION, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, STRUCTURE AND PURIFICATION OF SOLVENTS... 

The products could be classified as a function of various criteria physical properties (in particular, volatility), the way they are created (primary distillation or conversion). Nevertheless, the classification most relevant to this discussion is linked to the end product use LPG, premium gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil, medium and heavy fuels, specialty products like solvents, lubricants, and asphalts. Indeed, the product specifications are generally related to the end use. Traditionally, they have to do with specific properties octane number for premium gasoline, cetane number for diesel oil as well as overall physical properties such as density, distillation curves and viscosity. 

Schemes for classifying surfactants are based upon physical properties or upon functionality. Charge is tire most prevalent physical property used in classifying surfactants. Surfactants are charged or uncharged, ionic or nonionic. Charged surfactants are furtlier classified as to whetlier tire amphipatliic portion is anionic, cationic or zwitterionic. Anotlier physical classification scheme is based upon overall size and molecular weight. Copolymeric nonionic surfactants may reach sizes corresponding to 10 000-20 000 Daltons. Physical state is anotlier important physical property, as surfactants may be obtained as crystalline solids, amoriDhous pastes or liquids under standard conditions. The number of tailgroups in a surfactant has recently become an important parameter. Many surfactants have eitlier one or two hydrocarbon tailgroups, and recent advances in surfactant science include even more complex assemblies [7, 8 and 9].

Although the size separation/classification methods are adequate in some cases to produce a final saleable mineral product, in a vast majority of cases these produce Httle separation of valuable minerals from gangue. Minerals can be separated from one another based on both physical and chemical properties (Fig. 8). Physical properties utilized in concentration include specific gravity, magnetic susceptibility, electrical conductivity, color, surface reflectance, and radioactivity level. Among the chemical properties, those of particle surfaces have been exploited in physico-chemical concentration methods such as flotation and flocculation. The main objective of concentration is to separate the valuable minerals into a small, concentrated mass which can be treated further to produce final mineral products. In some cases, these methods also produce a saleable product, especially in the case of industrial minerals. 

The physical properties of finish removers vary considerably due to the diverse uses and requirements of the removers. Finish removers can be grouped by the principal ingredient of the formula, method of appHcation, method of removal, chemical base, viscosity, or hazardous classification. Except for method of apphcation, a paint remover formulation usually has one aspect of each group, by which it can be used for one or more appHcations. A Hst of the most common organic solvents used in finish removers has been compiled (3). Many are mentioned throughout this article others include ethyl lactate [97-64-3] propylene carbonate [108-32-7] furfural alcohol [98-01-1/, dimethyl formamide [68-12-2] tetrahydrofuran [109-99-9] methyl amyl ketone [110-43-0] dipropylene glycol methyl ether [34590-94-8] and Exxate 600, a trade name of Exxon Chemicals. 

A number of subdivisions of the maceral groups have been developed and documented by the International Commission on Coal Petrology (14). Table 1 Usts the Stopes-Heeden classification of higher rank coals. Periodic revisions include descriptions of the macerals, submacerals, morphology, physical properties, and chemical characteristics. Theories on the mode of formation of the macerals and their significance in commercial appUcations are also included of Reference 14. 

Diying equipment may be classified in several ways. The two most useful classifications are based on (1) the method of transferring heat to the wet solids or (2) the handling characteristics and physical properties of the wet material. The first method of classification revels differences in diyer design and operation, while the second method is... 

E. I. DuPont deNemours and Company website, Physical properties and ASHRAE standard 34 classification of SUVA refrigerants. ... 

The chemical and physical properties of the polymers obtained by these alternate methods are identical, except insofar as they are affected by differences in molecular weight. In order to avoid the confusion which would result if classification of the products were to be based on the method of synthesis actually employed in each case, it has been proposed that the substance be referred to as a condensation polymer in such instances, irrespective of whether a condensation or an addition polymerization process was used in its preparation. The cyclic compound is after all a condensation product of one or more bifunctional compounds, and in this sense the linear polymer obtained from the cyclic intermediate can be regarded as the polymeric derivative of the bifunctional monomer(s). Furthermore, each of the polymers listed in Table III may be degraded to bifunctional monomers differing in composition from the structural unit, although such degradation of polyethylene oxide and the polythioether may be difficult. Apart from the demands of any particular definition, it is clearly desirable to include all of these substances among the condensation... 

Because lowering the surface tension is the most important physical property of a defoamer, it is reasonable to classify the defoamer by the hydrophobic operation of the molecule. In contrast, the classification of organic molecules by functional groups are often polar and hydrophilic (i.e., alcohol, acid, and salt are common in basic organic chemistry). Four classes of defoamers are known as liquid phase components ... 

Intended to improve physical properties, reinforcements enhance the dimensional stability of materials, increase impact resistance, and improve tensile strength. The distinction between fillers and reinforcements is sometimes vague. Classification according to use. 

It should be noted that the above classification system of technetium cluster compounds is not the only possible one. In section 4 another classification is described, which is based on thermal stability and the mechanism of thermal decomposition. Section 2.2 is concerned with the classification based on methods of synthesizing cluster compounds. The classifications based on specific properties of clusters do not at all belittle the advantages of the basic structural classification they broaden the field of application of the latter, because for a better understanding and explanation of any chemical, physico-chemical and physical properties it is necessary to deal directly or indirectly with the molecular and/or electronic structures of the clusters. 

After determining the relevant physical properties (i.e., particle size, solids particle density and bulk density), the next step is to evaluate some of the existing techniques of powder classification. 

See also Iron entries hydration, 5 477-478 in Portland cement, 5 467 in Portland cement clinker, 5 473t classification of, 11 55-58 crystal chemistry of, 11 59-71 defined, 11 55 energy losses in, 11 64-66 physical properties of, 11 59-71 processing of, 11 71-75 properties of spinel and M-type,... 

Norbornene-ethene copolymer, 16 113 Norbornene-ethylene copolymers, 20 433 physical properties of, 20 420-422 Norbornenodiazetine derivatives, 13 306 Nordel IP (metallocene), 7 637 Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, antioxidant useful in cosmetics, 7 830t Nordstrandite, 2 421, 425 activation, 2 394 classification, 2 422 decomposition sequence, 2 392 from gelatinous boehmite, 2 427 structural properties of, 2 423t NO-reduction reactions, TWC catalyst, 10 49... 

In Josiah P. Cooke s projected three-volume course on chemical philosophy at Harvard University, the first volume treated chemical physics, the second was to cover electricity, and the third was to deal with stoiochiometry and the principles of chemical classification.60 Similarly, in Wurtz s Introduction a Vetude de la chimie (1885), it was not until page 206 that Wurtz began discussing the law of definite proportions, following a long section on the physical properties of bodies. 61... 

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