Clarkia

Crop rotations are important in rice, especially where weedy/red rice is problematic and difficult to control during rice cropping seasons. In order to suppress weedy rice, nearly all rice in Louisiana is grown either in a 1 1 rotation with soybean or a 1 1 1 rotation where crawfish (Procambarus clarkia) are double-cropped following rice, with soybean produced the following season [34]. In 2012, greater than 70% of Arkansas rice was produced in rotation with soybean, with most of the remaining production in a rice-rice rotation [39]. In California, approximately 70% of rice is produced in a rice-fallow or rice-rice rotation [40],... 

Yang, H. and Huang, Y. (2003) Preservation of lipid hydrogen isotope ratios in Miocene lacustrine sediments and plant fossils at Clarkia, northern Idaho, USA. Organic Geochemistry 34, 413. 

The Arabidopsis GES protein shares 40% sequence identity with two characterized linalool synthases from Clarkia breweri and Clarkia concinna [65], which together belong to the TPS-f family (Fig. 11.4). Linalool synthases catalyze a reaction analogous to that of GES by converting the 10-carbon substrate GPP into... 

Fig. 11.4 Sequence comparison of Arabidopsis geranyllinalool synthase with other Arabidopsis TPS and putative or characterized linalool and geranyllinalool synthases from Clarkia, Medicago, poplar and grape. A neighbor-joining tree generated from an amino acid sequence alignment (QustalX) of 13 TPS proteins is shown. Numbers are bootstrap values higher than 800 out of 1,000 replicates. TPS proteins belong to different families as indicated by letters. V. vinifera putative GES, Acc. 002268557 P. trichocarpa putative GES, Acc. 002305640...

Dudareva N, Cseke L, Blanc VM, Pichersky E (1996) Evolution of floral scent in Clarkia Novel patterns of S-linalool synthase gene expression in the C. breweri flower. Plant Cell 8 1137-1148... 

Lucker J, Bouwmeester HJ, Schwab W, Blaas J, van der Plas LHW, Verhoeven HA (2001) Expression of Clarkia S-hnalool synthase in transgenic petunia plants results in the accumulation of S-Unalyl-a-D-glucopyranoside. Plant J 27 315-324... 

Otto A, Simoneit BRT, Rember WG, Resin compounds preserved in the cones of three fossil conifer species from the Miocene Clarkia flora, Emerald Creek, Idaho, USA and related extant species, Rev Palaeobot Palynol 126 225—241, 2003. 

Otto A, Simoneit BRT, Rember WC, Conifer and angiosperm biomarkers in clay sediments and fossil plants from the Miocene Clarkia formation, Idaho, U.S.A., Org Geochem 36 907—922, 2005. 

Lockheart MJ, van Bergen PF, Evershed RP, Chemotaxonomic classification of fossil leaves from the Miocene Clarkia lake deposit, Idaho, USA based on n-alkyl lipid distributions and principal component analyses, Org Geochem 31 1223— 1246, 2000. 

Logan GA, Smiley CJ, Eglinton G, Preservation of fossil leaf waxes in association with their source tissues, Clarkia, N. Idaho, U.S.A., Geochim Gosmochim Acta... 

Figure 10.1. The gene from Clarkia breweri coding for (S)-linalool synthase (LIS) was added to three different piant species (tomato, petunia and carnation) and each species produced the expected product, S-iinaiooi. However, the existing NP metabolic flexibility in each species aiiowed the novei substance, S-iinaiooi, to be converted to other substances, those substances being different in each species due to the differences in NP metabolism in each plant. ...

Not all attempts at metabolic engineering deliver the expected results. For example, Liicker et al. [11] transformed petunia (Petunia hybrida) with the (S)-linalool synthase (LIS) gene from Clarkia breweri (Scheme 26.1), but despite... 

Raguso, R. A., Light, D.M. and Pichersky, E. (1996). Electroantennogram responses of Hyles lineata (Sphingidae Lepidoptera) to floral volatile compounds from Clarkia breweri (Onagraceae) and other moth-pollinated flowers. Journal of Chemical Ecology 22 1735-1766. 

Raguso R. and Pichersky E. (1995). Floral volatiles of Clarkia breweri and C. concinna (Onagraceae) recent evolution of floral aroma and moth pollination. Plant Systematics and Evolution 194, 55-67. 

Originally isolated and characterized from the petals of Clarkia breweri, salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT), converts salicylic acid to methylsalicylate.14 Methysalicylate, a volatile ester, has a characteristic wintergreen scent Apart from its putative role in defense, methylsalicylate is an important chemoattractant for moth-pollinated flowers and one of the main volatiles released from Clarkia breweri flowers.44,55 SAMT is a member of the type 3 family of plant MTs. Similarly to the previously discussed families of methyltransferases, type 3 MTs are homodimeric proteins. 

DUDAREVA, N., RAGUSO, R.A., WANG, J., ROSS, J.R., PICHERSKY, E., Floral scent production in Clarkia breweri. III. Enzymatic synthesis and emission of benzenoid esters, Plant Physiol., 1998,116, 599-604. 

DUDAREVA, N., CSEKE L., BLANC, V.M., PICHERSKY, E., Evolution of floral scent in Clarkiar. Novel Patterns of S-linalool synthase gene expression in Clarkia breweri flowers., Plant Cell, 1996,8,1837-1848. 

D AURIA, J. C., CHEN, F., PICHERSKY, E., Characterization of an acyltransferase capable of synthesizing benzylbenzoate and other volatile esters in flowers and damaged leaves of Clarkia breweri., Plant Physiol., 2002,130,466-476. 

Kruckeberg, A. L., Neuhaus, H. E., Feil, R.. Gottlieb, L. D., and Stitt, M. 1989. Decreased-activity mutants of phosphoglucose isomerase in the cytosol and chloroplast of Clarkia xantiana Impact on mass-action ratios and fluxes to sucrose and starch and estimation of flux control coefficients and elasticity coefficients. Biochem. J. 261, 457-467. 

---