Citric acid from glycerol

Louis fidouard Grimaux (Rochefort-sur-Mer, Charant-Infer., 3 July 1835-Paris, 3 May 1900), at first a pharmacist in a small town of Vendee, left to study in Paris with Wurtz. He lectured in the ficole de Medecine and became professor in the Institut agronomique national and (1876) in the ficole Polytechnique. He signed a protest in the famous affaire Dreyfuss and in consequence was deprived of his post in 1898. He was the biographer of Lavoisier (see Vol. Ill) and contributed to the Life of Gerhardt (see p. 407). He synthesised parabanic acid, allantoin, barbituric acid, and with P. Adam citric acid from glycerol. He showed that codeine is methyl-morphine. 

Papanikolaou, S., Muniglia, L., Chevalot, I., Aggelis, G. and Marc, I. 2002. Yarrowia Lipolytica as a Potential Producer of Citric Acid from Raw Glycerol. J. Appl. Microbiol., 92, 737-744. Papanikolaou, S., Ruiz-Sanchez, P., Pariset, B., Blanchard, F. and Fick, M. 2000. High Production of 1,3-Propanediol from Industrial Glycerol by a Newly Isolated Clostridium Butyricum Strain. J. Biotechnol., 77, 191-208. 

Imandi, S.B. V.V.R. Nabdaru S.R. Somalanak H.R. Garapati. Optimization of medium constituents for the production of citric acid from byproduct glycerol using doehlert experimental design. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2007, 40, 1367-1372. 

Pramanick, D. and Ray, T. T. (1988) Synthesis and biodegradation of copolyesters, from citric acid and glycerol, Polym. Bull., 19, 365-70. 

Papanikolaou, S., Munigha, L., Chevalot, 1., et al., 2002. Yarrawia lipolytica as a potential producer of citric acid from raw glycerol. Journal of Applied Microbiology 92,7y7-7 ... 

Yarrorvia lipolytica produces citric acid from raw glycerol (Papanikolaou et al., 2002). 

Filters. HN03 is efficiently trapped out on nylon filters. Typically, two or more filters are connected in series. A schematic of such a filter pack was shown in Fig. 11.22 (Anlauf et al., 1988). A Teflon filter first removes particles from the airstream and a nylon filter then removes gaseous HNO,. In this particular system, a third filter (Whatman 41 impregnated with an aqueous solution of glycerol and citric acid) was used to trap NH3. After sample collection, each of the filters is extracted separately and nitrate, ammonium, and additional particle components collected on the Teflon filter are measured by ion chromatography. The sensitivity of this method for nitric acid and the other species is determined in part by filter blank values (i.e., nitrate on unexposed filters) and by the total amount collected and hence the sampling time used. Times of... 

The oxidative stability of an oil depends on the fatty acid (FA) composition and triacyl-glycerol (TAG) structure, as well as on non-TAG components, such as tocopherols, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, citric acid, free fatty acids, and sterols, which may either prevent or promote oxidation. Several investigations have reported correlations of FA composition, TAG structure, and oxidative stability (135-140). For example, the oxidative stability of purified TAG from soybean oil (SBO) in air in the dark at 60°C is correlated positively with a greater concentration of oleic acid (O) and lower concentrations of linoleic (L) and linolenic (Ln) acids of SBO TAG. 

Some emulsifiers, e.g. lecithin, are purely natural products whereas others are manufactured usually from natural materials. Typical materials for manufactured emulsifiers are vegetable oils, e.g. soya bean oil or palm oil animal fats, e.g. lard or tallow and glycerol. Where required, some manufacturers can supply products with kosher or halal certificates. Other raw materials are organic acids such as fatty acids, citric acid, acetic acid and tartaric acid, in addition to sorbitol and propylene glycol. 

Synthesis from Glycerol.--Citric acid is related to the two preceding acids and its constitution has been established by two syntheses, one from glycerol and the other from aceto-acetic ester. 

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