1,8-Cineole lavender

According to lilac nerol and thymol are piesent in lavender oil, hut Schimiuel A- Co. denv that ihvmol i.s a constiluenc ot the pure oil, and consider that Elze was working on au adulterated apeoimeu. Traces of cineol may be present, hut this is doubtful. 

The principal difference between English aud E ranch oil of lavender ia that the former contains only a very small quantity of liualyl esters whilst cineol appears to hr a normal coustitueut of Kuglish oil. Semin-let and Tiemaun have Isolated from English oil the terpene limo-ueue, liualol. aud I-Iiualyl acetate. Oineol aud a sesquiterpeue are also normal constituents of the oil. 

This body, CjoHjgO, has been described under several names, the best known being that now usually adopted, viz. cineol also cajuputol (from its occurrence in oil of cajuput) and eucalyptol (from its occurrence in oil of eucalyptus). It is found in nature in very large quantities in the above-mentioned oils, as well as in many others, notably wormseed, lavender (English), and spike-lavender oils. It results also by the... 

True French lavender grows in the Flaute Provence at an altitude of 600 1500 m. The plants are grown from seeds of the wild lavender ( population lavender). Lavender oil is produced in a yield of 10 25kg/ha. It has the following typical composition (%) m-ocimene (4 10), trans-odimene (1.5-6), 1,8-cineole (<1), camphor (<0.5), linalool (25-38), linalyl acetate (25-45), 1-terpinen-4-ol (2-6), and lavandulyl acetate (>2) [574-583a]. 

Spanish spike lavender oil is produced by steam distillation of the flowering tops of spike, Lavandula latifolia Medik. It is an almost colorless to pale greenish-yellow liquid with a characteristic, rough odor slightly like cineole and camphor. 

Lavandin plants are sterile and can be propagated only by using cuttings. The oils from the most important varieties, abrial and grosso, contain linalool (26-38/ 24-35%) and linalyl acetate (20-29/28-38%) as major constituents as well as 1,8-cineole (6-11/4-7%) and camphor (7-11/6-8%) [594-601]. A third variety is called super because its oil contains a high concentration of linalyl acetate (35-47%), and, thus, resembles lavender oil most closely. 

For hundreds of years the essential oil of lavender has been well appreciated for perfumery purposes [72]. Lavender oil is obtained by steam distillation from the fresh-flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Miller (Lavandula officinalis Chaix) [73]. It is a colourless or pale yellow, clear liquid, with a fresh, sweet, floral, herbaceous odour on a woody balsamic base [73, 74]. According to the European Pharmacopoeia, characteristic components of lavender oils are limonene, cineol, 3-octanone, camphor, linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, lavandulyl acetate, lavandulol and a-terpineol. Adulterations commonly include blends of lavender oils with lavandin oil or spike oil, and the addition of synthetic linalool and linalyl acetate. In contrast, genuine lavender oils contain as main constituents (i )-linalyl acetate and (i )-linalool of high enantiomeric purity (Fig. 17.14). 

For an essential oil such as lavender, the same major components will be present these are linalool, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole. This is the qualitative knowledge. The different types of lavender essential oils will contain different amounts of constituent compounds. Spike lavender, Lavandula latifolia, has high amounts of 1,8-cineole (25-37%), while true lavender, Lavandula angustifolia, has very small amounts (0-5%). Lavandula latifolia may contain up to 60% camphor, while Lavandula angustifolia has only up to about 12%. This is quantitative information. A quantitative analysis is needed to help identify different types of oil and can distinguish chemotypes. 

Chemically, all forms contain linalyl acetate, linalool and 1,8-cineole, along with many other compounds. Further analysis of each type reveals their differences in amounts of chemical components. The situation is illustrated by comparing published data for principal constituents and then seeing how these are reinforced by an actual GC chromatogram. This is shown in Table 7.1 the main figure is the published data while figures in brackets are those taken from the GC analysis of actual oil samples (cis- and trans-ocimene are minor hydrocarbon components, but are included as they are often used as markers for the authenticity of lavender oils). In all cases the amounts of compounds in the hybrid (Lavandula intermedia) are in between those of the true (Lavandula angustifolia) and the spike (Lavandula latifolia). 

The true lavender (Lavandula officinalis) shown in the chromatogram is high in linalyl acetate, conforming to the ISO standard composition range of 25-45% and linalool ISO standard of 25-38%. True lavenders also may have between 5% and 30% lavandulyl acetate the GC for this sample shows quite a low value of 3.55%. Also characteristic of true lavender, the amounts of camphor and the oxide 1,8-cineole are low, but are increased in the other species. High ester and alcohol content makes this a desirable aromatherapy choice as it is gentle with no known contraindications. 

For the spike (Lavandula latifolia) lavender the analysis shows a much lower acetate content and a high natural camphor and 1,8-cineole level. This makes it useful for respiratory infections, as an insecticide and for muscular pain. However, it must be used cautiously as it is a more vigorous oil. 

There are three principal chemotypes verbenone, 1,8-cineole and cam-phor-borneol. These are examples of variation due to the climate they are grown in and are also called cultivars. The names of the cultivars are not Latinized and appear after the species name, often within quotation marks. For example, Lavandula angustifolia Maillette is a type of lavender named after its originator. For rosemary the cultivars are named after their country of origin. As a consequence of this, the verbenone is also called French, the 1,8-cineole is called Tunisian and the camphor-borneol is called Spanish. A comparison of these in terms of their amounts of main components is shown in Table 7.2. 

PROP From steam distillation of the plant Lavandu/a latifolia Vill. (Lavandula spica, D.C.) (Fam. Labiatae). The main constituents are linalool and cineole (FCTXAV 14,443,76). Yellow liquid lavender odor. D ... 

The essential oil contains 30-60% esters (mainly linalylacetate), limonene and cineole. The essential oil is a common constituent in rubefacient preparations. Most lavender oil is used in the perfumery industry and aromatherapy. 

The main components of Spanish spike lavender oil are linalool (34-50%), 1,8-cineole (16-39%), and camphor (8-16%) [585-591c]. 

Essential oils have also been shown to be useful for the delivery and to improve the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Recently, a patent was granted that describes a method for increasing the bioavailability of an orally administered hydrophobic pharmaceutical compound by coadministration with an essential oil (anise, basil, bergamot, etc.) [214]. In addition, the results of an investigation were reported recently on the use of oil-water microemulsions for the transdermal absorption of nifedipine, which employed essential oils (ylang ylang oil, lavender oil, cinnamon oil) and natural materials [cineole (88), menthone (50), menthol (41)] as lipophilic skin penetration enhancers [215]. 

B Lavandin (2), Barrfime (3), French Mt. Blanc (4) and lavender oil (6) are qualitatively alike in the main zones, with quantitative differences in the amount of linalyl acetate, linalool, cineole and epoxidihydrocaryophyllene at R, 0.5-0.55 characteristic red-violet zone in the commercial oil samples 2-6. Spike lavender oil (5) has an almo.st equal linalool and dneol content. Linalyl acetate is absent. 

Oil of Lavender, Volatile oil from fresh flowering lops of Lavandula officinalis Chajx (L. vera DC.), Labiatae. Constit. 30-40% esters calculated as linaly] acetate linalool, pinene, Ijmonene, geraniol, some cineol. 

Composition Oil from French population lavender cis- ocimene 5-9% trans-ocimene 3-5% 1,8- cineole <1% camphor. <0.4% (-)- linalool 27-35% (-)-linalyl acetate (see linalool) 30-40% l+)-terpinen-4-ol (see p-menthenols) 3-4% (-)-la-vandulyl acetate (see lavandin [oil]) 3-4%. Bulgarian oil contains mostly 45-50% -)-linalyl acetate. Use L. has many uses in the perfume industry, e.g., in lavender waters, in masculine perfumes or perfumes with masculine notes, etc. in medicine in carminatives and balneotherapeutics. 

Oxygen-bridged derivatives of /7-menthane such as the bicyclic ethers 1,4-cineol from Juniperus or Artemisia speeies and Cannabis sativa as well as 1,8-cineol (euealyptol, the chief eomponent of eucalyptus oil), stamp the spicy odor of the oils of cardamom, eucalyptus and lavender. The oil of eardamom obtained from Elet-taria cardamomum and E. major (Zingiberaeeae) is used to spice food and alcoholic drinks. Oils of eucalyptus and lavender are predominantly applied as fragrances and flavors in perfumery and pharmacy... 

Fig. 2 Total ion chromatogram of monoteipenes present in the gaseous emission of (a) Douglas-fir, (b) Rosemary and (c) Lavender. Peaks 1, a-Thujene 2, (-)-a-Pinene 3, (+) a-Pinene 4, Myrcene 5, Tryciclene 6, (+)-Camphene 7, (-)-Sabinene 8, (-)-Camphene 9, (+)-fi-3-Carene 10, a-Terpinene 11, (+)-p-Pinene 12, (-)-p-Pinene 13, m-Cymene 14, o-Cymene 15, (+)-Limonene 16, (+)-p-Phellangrene 17, (+)-p-PheUangrene 18, 7-Terpinene 19, a-Trpinolene 20,1,8-Cineole 21, (-)-4-Carene 22, (+)-4-Carene 23, (-)-Camphor.

Essential oils comprised of 10 g/L solutions of cedarwood, cinnamon, sage, juniper berry, lavender, and rosemary all of these were potent snake irritants. Brown tree snakes exposed to a 2 s burst of aerosol of these oils exhibited prolonged, violent undirected locomotory behavior. In contrast, exposure to a 10 g/L concentration of ginger oil aerosol caused snakes to locomote, but in a deliberate, directed manner. The 10 g/L solutions delivered as aerosols of m-anisaldehyde, frani -anethole, l,8-cineole, cinnamaldehyde, citral, ethyl phenylacetate, eugenol, geranyl acetate, or methyl salicylate acted as potent irritants for brown tree snakes Boiga irregularly (Clark and Shivik, 2002). 

The chief constituents of lavender oil are linalyl acetate, linalol, geraniol, and linalyl butyrate, while the English oil also contains a distinct amount of cineol. 

This oil has been obtained from lavender plants growing in Portugal. It has no commercial value. It has a specific gravity 0 939, optical rotation - i5 , and contains about 39 per cent, of esters. It is soluble in an equal volume of 80 per cent, alcohol. It contains cineol, and probably thujone. 

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