Ester calculations

The amount of free alkali is estimated by titration w ith standard sulphuric acid and the quantity of ester calculated. 

Fujiwara et al. used the CMC values of sodium and calcium salts to calculate the energetic parameters of the micellization [61]. The cohesive energy change in micelle formation of the a-sulfonated fatty acid methyl esters, calculated from the dependency of the CMC on the numbers of C atoms, is equivalent to that of typical ionic surfactants (Na ester sulfonates, 1.1 kT Ca ester sulfonates, 0.93 kT Na dodecyl sulfate, 1.1 kT). The degree of dissociation for the counterions bound to the micelle can be calculated from the dependency of the CMC on the concentration of the counterions. The values of the ester sulfonates are also in the same range as for other typical ionic surfactants (Na ester sulfonates, 0.61 Ca ester sulfonates, 0.70 Na dodecyl sulfate, 0.66). 

Dwarf pine needle Pin us mugo Turra Esters calculated as bornyl acetate (1.5-5)... 

Identification The infrared absorption spectrum of the sample exhibits relative maxima at the same wavelengths as those of a typical spectrum as shown in the section on Infrared Spectra, using the same test conditions as specified therein. Assay Not less than 36.0% of esters, calculated as linalyl acetate (C12H20O2). 

Assay for Total Esters Not less than 5.0% of esters, calculated as menthyl acetate (Q2H22O2). 

The glycerol esterification with oleic acid is exothermic (AH°r = -30 kJ.mof ) and under our experimental conditions the equilibrium constant is above 270. The conversion decreases as expected with the temperature (see Table 6), leading to an apparent activation energy for the formation of the mono-ester (calculated for low conversion values) around 75 kJ.mor. ... 

Oil of Fir—Siberian, Oil of pine oleum abjetis Siberian pine needle oil. Volatile oil from fresh leaves of Abies sibirica Ledeb., Pinaceae. Constit About 40% esters calculated as borny] acetate pinene, camphene, dipantene, and phellandrene. 

Oil of Lavender, Volatile oil from fresh flowering lops of Lavandula officinalis Chajx (L. vera DC.), Labiatae. Constit. 30-40% esters calculated as linaly] acetate linalool, pinene, Ijmonene, geraniol, some cineol. 

Oil of Rosemary. Volatile oil from fresh flowering cops of Rosmarinus officinalis L., Labiatae. Constit Not less than 10% total borneol not less than 2,5% esters calculated horny] acetate camphor, eucalyptol, pinene, cam phene. 

It also has been found that chiral monodentate phosphine derivatives can be used in place of the diphosphine. Reetz et al. studied the kinetics of a Rh(I) system with chiral phosphite ligands. The rate is first-order in pressure and is optimum for a 2 1 ratio of phosphite Rh. These authors suggest that the reaction follows the olefin route, with the rate-limiting step being the oxidative addition of Hj, and that the active catalyst retains two phosphite ligands. The R configuration of the phosphite prixluces mainly the R-enantiomer from itaconic acid dimethyl ester. Calculations indicate that this comes from the major catalyst-substrate complex. 

Gcma/nga or Kananga oil, the earlier distillate from the flowers of Cananga odorata, obtained chiefly from the Philippine Islands. Specific gravity at 15° C., 0 910-0 940 optical rotation, -17° to - 30° refractive index at 20° C., 1 4994-1 5024 esters, calculated as linalyl benzoate, 8-15 per cent. soluble in 1 5 to 2 volumes of 95 per cent, alcohol, but becoming turbid on further addition. ... 

Melting point, 35-45° C., usually 40°-45° C. free acidity, calculated as myristio acid, 50-80 per cent. ester, calculated as combined myristic acid, 4-10 per cent. 

IVench and Italian Oils.—Specific gravity at 15° 0., 0 885-0 900 optical rotation, - 2° to — 9° refractive index at 20° 0., 1 459-1 4 64 esters, calculated as linalyl acetate, 20-40 per cent., occasionally higher soluble in 1 5-3 volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol. 

Lincdoe oil, distilled from the wood of trees of the Burseracese family, and obtained from Mexico. Specific gravity at 15° 0., 0 876-0 892 optical rotation, usually laavo-rotatory, - 3° to -13°, but occasionally dextro-rotatory up to + 5° 30 esters, calculated as... 

French and Dalmatian.—Specific gravity at 15° 0., 0 900-0 916 optical rotation, usually dextro-rotatory, up to -f- 15°, but may occasionally be Iflevo-rotatory, especially if stalks have been distilled with the leaves ester, calculated as bornyl acetate, 1-6 per cent. total borneol, 12-18 per cent. usually soluble in 1-2 volumes of 82 5 per cent, alcohol. 

Ylang-ylantj oil, distilled from the flowers of Gananga odorata, the chief sources being the Philippine Islands and Java, Specific gravity at 15° C., 0 924-0 950 optical rotation, -30° to -60°, and occasionally higher refractive index at 20° C., 1 496-1 512 ester calculated as linalyl benzoate, 27-45 per cent., occasionally up to 50 per cent. usually soluble in i volume of 90 per cent. alcohoL... 

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