Chronic cardiovascular problems

Better control of air pollutants is expected to result in fewer cases of chronic bronchitis, reduced hospitalizations for severe respiratory conditions and cardiovascular problems in adults and children, and fewer cancer cases.30 Populations residing near HWCs may benefit the most from implementation of these standards. 

The U.S. Navy submariner population currently consists of an all-male, generally healthy group (personal communication, Commander Wayne Horn, U.S. Navy 2000). The average age of enlisted men is 26, and the average for officers is 31. The men are screened before assignment to a submarine for physical fitness and chronic health problems (e.g., neurologic, cardiovascular, respiratory). 

As the first population of insulin-treated diabetics aged, it soon became clear that insulin did not cure the disease. While it added dramatically to life expectancy, insulin-treated diabetics began to exhibit a wide variety of seemingly unrelated disorders such as chronic leg ulcers, blindness, kidney disorders, and cardiovascular problems. Further, this population of patients frequently developed comas with either a very high or very low level of blood glucose. 

The methanolic extracts of different parts of W. somnifera exhibit therapeutic potential against various types of cardiovascular problems and are also effective against hyperlipidemia, obesity [56], aging, and copper-induced pathophysiological conditions [57]. This plant is reputed to promote vitality during recovery from chronic illnesses [58] and is also useful for the pain management in arthritic conditions [59]. 

A weakness of time-series studies is that those individuals who die as a result of pollution exposure cannot be identified. The associations of mortality with particle air pollution are stronger in the elderly (21,22,37,38), and deaths are associated with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular problems (43). But it is not clear who is dying. Are they people who would have died within the next couple of days anyway Is air pollution harvesting those who were on the verge of mortality If so, the few days loss of life expectancy may not have major pubhc health significance. 

Chronic complications involve many organs and include pulmonary hypertension, bone and joint destruction, ocular problems, cholelithiasis, cardiovascular abnormalities, and hematuria and other renal complications. 

As the prevalence of obesity increases worldwide, so does the prevalence of associated co-morbidities type-2 diabetes, chronic obstructive sleep apnoea, cardiovascular disease (hyper-tension, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure, stroke and peripheral vascular disease), fatty liver disease, various malignancies (Table 7.2), gallstones, subfertility, musculo-skeletal problems and depression. 

Problems in water and salt nutrition can occur with severe and prolonged diarrhea or vomiting and with prolonged eKercise. Chronic changes in salt nutrition can change blood pressure and influence the course of cardiovascular disease. These nutritional concerns are addressed after first discussing normal plasma levels of sodium and potassium. 

In addition to the hazards associated with meth production, it is becoming increasingly clear that heavy meth users risk a number of health problems. Exposure to very high doses poses a risk of seizures, convulsions, and cardiovascular collapse. Overdose can also produce the paranoid symptoms of stimulant psychosis often associated with violent behavior. A recent study of young adults who were heavy meth users found that over one third of the respondents reported committing acts of violence while under the influence of meth (Sommers, Baskin, Baskin-Sommers, 2006). Chronic users face additional problems. Depression is a common feature of methamphetamine withdrawal... 

Because of the bewildering variety of substances associated with inhalant abuse, it is difficult to characterize the hazards completely. A number of deaths have been due to cardiovascular collapse or suffocation related to the inhalation of butane, toluene, and gasoline (Cairney, Maruff, Burns, Currie, 2002 Garriott, 1992). Chronic use of inhalants has been linked to a variety of medical problems, including psychotic behavior, movement disorders, kidney failure, and damage to the brain s cortex and cerebellum (Cairney et al., 2002 Cairney, Maruff, Burns, Currie, Currie, 2005). 

There are no apparent species differences in nicotine toxicity between animals and man. The toxic sequelae following chronic nicotine exposure to animals is similar to that in man including GI problems, cardiovascular effects, changes in neurochemistry, and reproductive effects such as decreased birth weight and length of gestation. 

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