Toxicology chromium toxicity

Acute and Chronic Toxicity. Although chromium displays nine oxidation states, the low oxidation state compounds, -II to I, all require Special conditions for existence and have very short lifetimes in a normal environment. This is also tme for most organ ochromium compounds, ie, compounds containing Cr—C bonds. Chromium compounds that exhibit stabiUty under the usual ambient conditions are limited to oxidation states II, III, IV, V, and VI. Only Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds are produced in large quantities and are accessible to most of the population. Therefore, the toxicology of chromium compounds has been historically limited to these two states, and virtually all of the available information is about compounds of Cr(III) and/or Cr(VI) (59,104). However, there is some indication that Cr(V) may play a role in chromium toxicity (59,105—107). Reference 104 provides an overview and summary of the environmental, biological, and medical effects of chromium and chromium compounds as of the late 1980s. 

Shukla, O.P., Dubey, S., and Rai, U.N., Preferential accumulation of cadmium and chromium Toxicity in Bacopa monnieri L. under mixed metal treatments, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 78, 252-257, 2007. 

Toxicology. Chromium metal is relatively nontoxic. There is little evidence of significant toxicity from chromic or chromous salts, probably because of poor penetration of skin and mucous membranes. Dermatitis from some chromic salts has been reported. 

Bianchi V, Dal Toso R, Debetto P, et al. 1980. Mechanisms of chromium toxicity in mammalian cell cultures. Toxicology 17 219-224. 

Dayan AD and Paine AJ (2001) Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity Review of the literature from 1985 to 2000. Human Experimental Toxicology 20(9) 439—451. 

Health Effects Assessment for Hexavalent Chromium, EPA/540/1-86-019, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Sept. 1984 Toxicological Profile for Chromium, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR), ASTDR/TP-88/10,1989. 

Stacey, N.H., K-L.Wong, and C.D. Klaassen. 1983. Protective effects of chromium on the toxicity of cadmium in vivo. Toxicology 28 147-153. 

U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS). 1993. Toxicological profile for chromium. Agen. Toxic Subst. Dis. Regis. TP-92/08. 238 pp. 

ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease registry), Toxicological profile for chromium, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, USA (2000)... 

In the tanning process hides are first washed or soaked, hair and keratinous debris are removed, bated (enzymes are used to break down non-collagenous components, which are washed out) and the hide is acid-pickled to prepare for the addition of the chromium salt. Contemporary processes are exclusively based on one-bath procedures and utilize chromium(III). The older two-bath process is now obsolete, mainly because it involved the in situ reduction of chromate, a major environmental and toxicological hazard (cf. chromate toxicity p. 947) to chromium(III) on the hide. A useful review of the history of chromium tannage processes is available.1205... 

The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of chromium. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. 

Mathur AK, Chandra SV, Tandon SK. 1977. Comparative toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium to rabbits II. Morphological changes in some organs. Toxicology 8 53-61. 

The metals commonly used are chromium, cobalt, copper and nickel.119-123 More stringent governmental regulations tend to limit their use owing to the toxicological and ecological drawbacks of these colorants. There are tendencies now to substitute the above-mentioned metals by less toxic ones such as by aluminium124 and to prepare environmentally safer dyes. 

Greene, J.C., Miller, W.E., Debacon, M., Long, M.A. and Bartels, C.L. (1988) Use of Selenas-trum capricornatum to assess the toxicity potential of surface and groundwater contamination caused by chromium waste. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 7, 35-39. 

Strontium is fairly reactive and therefore is rarely found in its pure form in the earth s crust. Examples of common strontium compounds include strontium carbonate, strontium chloride, strontium hydroxide, strontium nitrate, strontium oxide, and strontium titanate. The most toxic strontium compound is strontium chromate, which is used in the production of pigments and can cause cancer by the inhalation route. Strontium chromate is not included in the Levels of Significant Exposure (LSE) tables for strontium since the carcinogenic effects of the compound are a function of the concentration of hexavalent chromium, and strontium only contributes to solubility. The Toxicological Profile for Chromium (ATSDR 2000) should be consulted for additional information on the health effects of strontium chromate. 

Koplan, J.H. (2000b). Toxicological profile for chromium. Public health service. Agency for toxic substances and disease registry. Atlanta Georgia, pp 1-9,16-50,122-157 and 301-315. 

Toxicology ACGIH TLV/CL 50 ppm (skin) LD50 (oral, rat) 790 mg/kg, (IV, mouse) 377 mg/kg, (skin, rabbit) 3400 mg/kg poison by IV route mod. toxic by skin contact, ing subcut., IP routes skin and severe eye irritant CNS depressant TSCA listed Precaution Flamm. dangerous fire hazard exposed to heat, flame, oxidizers mod. explosive exposed to flame incompat. with oxidizing materials, aluminum, chromium trioxides increased fire and explosion hazard reacts at elevated temps, with Al Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and fumes... 

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