Chromium acetate

Chromic acid and chromium Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, turpentine, alcohol or... 

A second manufacturing method for acetic acid utilizes butane from the C4 petroleum stream rather than ethylene. It is a very complex oxidation with a variety of products formed, but conditions can be controlled to allow a large percentage of acetic acid to be formed. Cobalt (best), manganese, or chromium acetates are catalysts with temperatures of 50-250 °C and a pressure of 800 psi. 

With each of these four groups the procedure is as described later. In the first place, however, the colouring matter is investigated with reference to its tintorial properties by means of dyeing tests on non-mordanted cotton or wool, on wool mordanted with aluminium sulphate and cream of tartar, on wool mordanted with chromium fluoride and cream of tartar, on cotton mordanted with tannin and then with tartar emetic, on cotton mordanted with aluminium acetate and on cotton mordanted with chromium acetate. 

The radical end (7) may be formed via homolytic decomposition of the vanadium-carbon bond in the presence of MMA and be stabilized by the vanadium ion. This stabilization is likely to cause a living radical polymerization of MMA. A similar conclusion has been reached by Lee et al. 113) who found that a mixture of chromium acetate with benzoyl peroxide initiated a living radical polymerization of MMA at low temperatures below 30 °C. 

The kinetics of the reaction between acetic acid and epichlorohydrin in the presence of chromium acetate and chromic anhydride have been studied.29 Rate constants for the reaction of epichlorohydrin with /vcresol in the presence of basic catalysts have been measured in the temperature range 71-100 °C.30 Several simultaneous reactions occur, depending on the catalyst, and an appropriate kinetic model was developed. 

No reliable studies were located regarding cardiovascular effects in animals after oral exposure to chromium(VI) compounds. Histological examination revealed no lesions in the hearts of rats exposed to 2,040 mg chromium(III)/kg/day as chromium oxide in the diet 5 days/week for 2 years (Ivankovic and Preussmann 1975), or in rats exposed to 0.46 mg chromium(III)/kg/day as chromium acetate in drinking water for 2-3 years (Schroeder et al. 1965). Neither of these studies assessed cardiovascular end points such as blood pressure or electrocardiograms. 

Peak urinary chromium concentrations were observed at 6 hours (the first time point examined) in rats exposed intratracheally to 0.44 mg/kg chromium(in) as chromium acetate hydroxide or chromium(VI) as sodium dichromate (Gao et al. 1993). Chromium urinary concentrations decreased rapidly, falling from 4,535 pg chromium/g creatinine at 6 hours to 148 pg chromium/g at 72 hours for the chromium acetate hydroxide and from 2,947 pg chromium/g creatinine at 6 hours to 339 pg chromium/g at 72 hours for sodium dichromate. 

B. subtilis Recombinations No data (+) Nakamuro et al. 1978 Chromium acetate... 

E. coli AB1157, GC275, VA4202, PQ30 Induction of SOS response No data " Llagostera et al. 1986 Chromium trichloride, chromium nitrate, chromium acetate... 

E. coli PQ37 Induction of SOS response - (+) Venier et al. 1989 Chromium acetate... 

Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1535 TA98, TA1537, TA1538 Reverse mutations Base pair substitutions Frame shift mutations - - De Flora 1981 Petrilli and De Flora 1978b Chromium trichloride hexahydrate, chromium nitrite, monohydrate, chromium potassium sulfate, chromium acetate, neochromium, chromium alum, chromite... 

Chinese hamster V79 cells Chromosomal aberrations No data - Newbold et al. 1979 Chromium acetate... 

Chinese hamster ovary cells Sister chromatid exchange No data Levis and Majone 1979 MacRae et al. 1979 Venier et al. 1982 Chromium trichloride hexachloride, chromium nitrate, monohydrate, chromium potassium sulfate, chromium acetate... 

One part of gallamine blue is heated to 50° C. on a water bath with 6 parts of sodium bisulfite solution (25 per cent SO2) until the evolution of sulfur dioxide ceases (about 1 hour). The mixture is then heated for 1 to 3 days at 85° until the mixture has become gray green. The resulting product is the sulfonic acid of the leuco compound (perhaps complex sulfonate) which, with chromium acetate, gives brilliant and fast marine blue shades on wool. It can also be used in cotton printing, but is not as important for this use as the related dye, modern violet. 

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