Christians

C. V. Boys, Soap Bubbles and the Forces that Mould Them, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London, 1890 reprint ed.. Doubleday Anchor Books, Science Study Series S3, Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1959. 

Champion P M, Rosea F, Chang W, Kumar A, Christian J and Demidov A 1998 Femtosecond coherence spectroscopy of heme proteins XVith int. Conf on Raman Spectroscopy ed A M Heyns (New York Wley) pp 73-6... 

Starrost F 1999 PhD Thes/s Christian-Aibrechts-Universitat Kiei Starrost F, Krasovskii E E and Schattke W 1999 unpubiished... 

King A D 1995 Solubilization of gases Solubilization in Surfactant Aggregates ed S D Christian and J F Scamehorn (New York Dekker) pp 35-58... 

Christian S D and Scamehorn J F (eds) 1995 Solubilization in Surfactant Aggregates (New York Dekker)... 

Vernon L. Singleton Christian E. Butzke University of California, Davis... 

Christian Malivemey Michel Mulhauser RhcJjne-Poulenc Recherches... 

In 1933, R. Kuhn and his co-workers first isolated riboflavin from eggs in a pure, crystalline state (1), named it ovoflavin, and deterrnined its function as a vitamin (2). At the same time, impure crystalline preparations of riboflavin were isolated from whey and named lyochrome and, later, lactoflavin. Soon thereafter, P. Karrer and his co-workers isolated riboflavin from a wide variety of animal organs and vegetable sources and named it hepatoflavin (3). Ovoflavin from egg, lactoflavin from milk, and hepatoflavin from Hver were aU. subsequently identified as riboflavin. The discovery of the yeUow en2yme by Warburg and Christian in 1932 and their description of lumiflavin (4), a photochemical degradation product of riboflavin, were of great use for the elucidation of the chemical stmcture of riboflavin by Kuhn and his co-workers (5). The stmcture was confirmed in 1935 by the synthesis by Karrer and his co-workers (6), and Kuhn and his co-workers (7). 

Flavin mononucleotide was first isolated from the yellow en2yme in yeast by Warburg and Christian in 1932 (4). The yellow en2yme was spHt into the protein and the yellow prosthetic group (coen2yme) by dialysis under acidic conditions. Flavin mononucleotide was isolated as its crystalline calcium salt and shown to be riboflavin-5Lphosphate its stmeture was confirmed by chemical synthesis by Kuhn and Rudy (94). It is commercially available as the monosodium salt dihydrate [6184-17 /, with a water solubiUty of more than 200 times that of riboflavin. It has wide appHcation in multivitamin and B-complex solutions, where it does not require the solubili2ers needed for riboflavin. 

Egyptians purportedly practiced distillation around 1000—2000 BC by heating wine and making a product called arden spidts. China and India are also said to have carried out distillation in the pre-Christian era. The Chinese reportedly made a distilled beverage from nee beer around 800 BC. The Arabs learned about distillation from the Egyptians and developed an apparatus in the form of a closed heated container that was called an alembic. 

The era of modem enzyme technology began in 1874 when the Danish chemist Christian Hansen produced the first industrial batches of chymosin by extracting dried calves stomachs with saline solutions. 

---