Choice of Systems

Oil fuel pipeline systems transfer oil from storage to the oil burner at specified conditions of pressure, viscosity, temperature and rate of flow. There can be considerable variety in the choice of system, but its design (particularly correct pipe sizing and temperature control) is most important if it is to function satisfactorily. 

The choice of systems studied was made so as to allow the ready perception of changes in properties. 

We have previously in a number of papers [1-5] investigated these effects ft -both the Jahn-Teller inactive molecule n-butane [1] and the Jahn-Teller active molecules ethane, cyclopropane, and cyclohexane [2-5]. The choice of systems was largely dictated by the availability of experimental results [5-8]. New experiments being performed on selectively deuterated benzene have motivated a closer theoretical study of this system, and a first presentation of these investigations is given in the present paper. 

In static friction, the change of state from rest to motion is caused by the same mechanism as the stick-slip transition. The creation of static friction is in fact a matter of choice of system state for a more stable and favorable energy condition, and thus does not have to be interpreted in terms of plastic deformation and shear of materials at adhesive junctions. 

PLC of plant extracts is presented in Chapter 11, with sections on the choice of systems, sampling, choice of the sample solvent, detection, and development modes. These applications in the field of pharmacognosy play a key role in the investigation and understanding of the healing potential of the constituents of medicinal plants. 

Only those flows necessary to illustrate the choice of system boundaries and method of calculation are given in the Solution. 

The correct choice of the basis for a calculation will often determine whether the calculation proves to be simple or complex. As with the choice of system boundaries, no all-embracing rules or procedures can be given for the selection of the right basis for any problem. The selection depends on judgement gained by experience. Some guide rules that will help in the choice are ... 

Each product system consists of a variable number of processes involved in the product life cycle. However, the product under consideration is often related to other processes that may no longer be important for the LCA study. The system boundary serves to the separation of essential and non-essential processes of the product life cycle. Since the choice of system boundaries significantly affects LCA study outcomes and in addition, its intensity and complexity, system boundaries should always be well considered and clearly defined. The choice of system boundaries is carried out with regard to the studied processes, studied environmental impacts and selected complexity of the study. Not-including any life cycle stages, processes or data must be logically reasoned and clearly explained [32]. 

Not all chromogenic compounds are suitable for quantitative measurements, and the choice of system and procedure depends largely on the chemistry of the species to be determined. Points to be considered in the selection of a procedure include ... 

An inner-sphere mechanism has to date not been demonstrated for Ru(NH3)5(OH2)2+ as reducing agent. As has already been noted for Cl-, all saturated ligands (but not all unsaturated ones) are displaced much more slowly when Run(NH3)sL is oxidized, so a system in which Ru(NH3)5(OH2)2+ is oxidized by an inner-sphere mechanism can undoubtedly be devised. (There is, however, a limitation on the choice of system. If the oxidizing agent can accept an electron in... 

Significant energy conservation is achieved by the well-established method of combined heat and power generation (cogeneration). The heat is usually in the form of intermediate or low-pressure steam, and the power as direct mechanical drives or as electricity generated with turbo-altemators. The choice of systems is usually between back-pressure steam turbines, or gas turbines with waste-heat boilers for the process steam. The amount of power generated is usually determined by the demand for heat. 

It is beyond the scope of this chapter to give details of the technology for the separation of antibodies. Instead, first some basis is presented and then how liquid chromatography is usable for the adsorption, separation, and purification of antibodies is explained. Method development phases such as, for instance, resin screening, optimization of running conditions, flow sheeting, operational parameters for productivity optimization, and the choice of system components, will not be detailed here. For general reviews, see Refs. 71 and 72. 

The validity of MD simulation is impacted by the choice of system, interaction potential and algorithm implemented. We first discuss the choice of system. In this work we chose to simulate Nafion with an equivalent weight (EW) of 1144 g/mol, which is a practically reasonable EW. In order to have a direct comparison of the effect of side chain length, SSC PFSA polymer electrolyte was simulated with an EW of 978 g/mol. (Commonly used SSC iono-mer has an EW 800 g/mol). The repeat units of these PFSA membranes are shown in Fig. 3. These two materials have the same backbone separating side chains thus the only differentiating feature is side chain length. 

A somewhat different system makes use of simultaneous grinding and aspiration to dehull the beans and separate the hulls. In general, the choice of system depends on the processor, who may add some private modifications to the system. 

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