Chloropyrifos

Woodward s synthesis, 4, 416-419 Chlorophyll b, 4, 382 Chlorophyll c, 4, 382 Chlorophyll d, 4, 382 Chlorophylls, 4, 378 biosynthesis reviews, 1, 99 structure, 4, 370 substituents reactions, 4, 402 Chloroporphyrin e, 4, 404 Chloroprothixene pharmacology, 3, 942 Chloropyramine as antihistamine, 1, 177 Chloropyrifos synthesis, 2, 201 Chloropyrifos-ethyl as insecticide, 2, 516 Chloropyrifos-methyl as insecticide, 2, 516 Chloroquine, 1, 145 adsorption on nucleic acids, 1, 179 as antimalarial, 1, 173, 2, 517 Chloroquine, hydroxy-as antimalarial, 2, 517 Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate cycloaddition reactions... 

The optimization of the biorecognition layer by the modification of a transducer used. Nanostmctured poly aniline composite comprising Prussian Blue or poly-ionic polymers has been synthesized and successfully used in the assembly of cholinesterase sensors. In comparison with non-modified sensors, this improved signal selectivity toward electrochemically active species and decreased the detection limits of Chloropyrifos-Methyl and Methyl-Pai athion down to 10 and 3 ppb, respectively. 

Sample pre-treatment. Novel procedures of electrochemical sample treatment have been proposed to decrease the signal interference with native cholinesterase inhibitors present in fruits and vegetables. Polyphenolic compounds were removed by electrolysis with soluble A1 anode followed by the oxidation of thionic pesticides with electrogenerated chlorine. The procedure proposed makes it possible to decrease the background current and the matrix effect by 80-90%. Thus, the detection limits of about 5 ppb of Pai athion-Methyl and Chloropyrifos-Methyl were obtained in spiked grape juice without any additional sepai ation or pre-concentration stages. 

Singh BK, A Walker, JAW Morgan, DJ Wright (2004) Biodegradation of chloropyrifos by Enterobacter strain B-14 and its use in bioremediation of contaminated soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 4855-4863. 

Racke KD, DA Laskowski, MR Schultz (1990) Resistance of chloropyrifos to enhanced biodegradation in soil. J Agric Eood Chem 38 1430-1436. 

The effects of water temperature and pesticide concentration on pesticide recoveries were tested by Moye et al The pesticides included alachlor, atrazine, bromacil, chlorothalonil, chloropyrifos, diazinon, endosulfan, simazine and trifluralin. Temperatures of 5,25,45 and 65 °C were tested and concentrations of 0.1,1.0 and 10 pgL were used. Water temperature had a pronounced effect on the recoveries whereas the concentration did not seem to have as great an effect. 

Two important classes of cholinesterase inhibitors are the organophosphates and the carbamates, a few of which are widely used insecticides. Two such insecticides are chloropyrifos and carbaryl (structures shown). They are highly effective insecticides and, if used properly, appear to be without significant risk to humans (although the use of chloropyrifos and some other members of the class is somewhat controversial). 

Meikle, R.W. and Youngson, C.R. The hydrolysis rate of chlorpyrifos, 0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphoro-thioate, and its dimethyl analog, chloropyrifos-methyl in dilute aqueous solution, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol,... 

Bennett B, Barter SR (1997) Partition behaviour of alkylphenols in crude oil brine systems under subsurface conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61 4393-4402 Bennett B, Bowler BEJ, Barter SR (1996) Rapid methods for the determination of C -Cj atkylo-phenols in crude oils and water. Annal Chem 68 3697-3702 Blanchet PE, St. George A (1982) Hydrolysyis of chloropyrifos and chloropyrifos-methyl in the presence of copper. Pestic Sci 13 85-91... 

Loos MA (1975) Phenoxyalkanoic acids. In Kemey PC, Kaufman DD (eds) Herbicides chemistry, degradation and mode of action, vol 1. Marcel Dekker New York, pp 1-128 Lovley DR (1993) Dissimilatory metal reduction. Annual Review of Microbiology 47 263-290 Macalady DL, Wolfe NL (1983) New perspectives on the hydrolytic degradation of the organo-phosphorothionate insecticide chloropyrifos. J Agric Food Chem 31 1139-1147 Macalady DL, Wolfe NL (1985) Effects of sediment sorption and abiotic hydrolysis. J Agric Food Chem 33 167-173... 

Phosphorothioate Esters of Heterocyclic Enols, Chloropyrifos [2971-88-2], 0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)... 

Methods of Extraction and Analyses. Chloropyrifos, Ronnel, chlorpropham and 2,4,5-T were extracted from the cloth or the cellulose pad with hexane. Pentachlorophenol residues were extracted with benzene. Pentachlorophenol was methylated with diazomethane prior to determination by gas chromatography while the other compounds were determined dirgctly. Dinoseb, on the other hand was extracted with chloroform and partitioned into 2% Na2 Co3 solution. The yellow extract was analyzed colorimetri-cally using the method of Potter (14). 

Dilling, W.L., L.C. Lickly, T.D. Lickly, and P.G. Murphy. 1984. Organic photochemistry 19. Quantum yields for 0,0-diethyl-0-(3,5,6-trichloropyridinyl)phosphorothioate (chloropyrifos) in dilute aqueous solution and its environmental transformation rates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18 540-543. 

Meikle, R.W., N.H. Kurihara, and D.H. DeVries. 1983. Chloropyrifos the photodecomposition rates in dilute aqueous solution and on a surface, and the volatilization rate from a surface. Archiv. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12 189-193. 

Banerjee et al. (1997) found 3.4 times higher levels of HCHs in 61 milk samples from Delhi than those from Lucknow (Siddiqui et al., 1981a). Sanghi et al. (2003) found endosulfan, malathion, chloropyrifos, methyl-parathion and HCHs in human milk samples collected from Bhopal, India. Again, with respect to the classical organochlorine pesticides in mothers milk in big cities and rural areas in the present decade, Nair et al. (1996) found 1.27 mg l-1 fat wt. of DDTs and 0.33 mg l-1 fat wt. of... 

Sherma and Slobodien [107] determined chloropyrofos insecticide and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-2-pyridinol in potable water at 5pg L 1 by thin layer chromatography. Pre-adsorbent silica gel layers were used for resolution and silver nitrate for detection prior to reflectance scanning. Recovery of 3,5,6-trichloro-2,2-pyridinol from water was 84%. Recovery of chloropyrifos from potable water was 87.5%. 

Kersting, K. and R. van Wijngaarden. 1992. Effects of chloropyrifos on a microecosystem. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11 365-372. 

Reversed-phase mechanism of sorption of chloropyrifos, commonly called parti-... 

---