Plant cells chloroplasts

Miyake, C., Cao, W.-H., and Asada, K., 1993, Purification and molecular properties of the thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 34 3881n3889. 

Morrissey PJ, Glick RE and Melis A. (1989). Supramolecular assembly and function of subunits associated with the chlorophyll a-b light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) in soybean chloroplast. Plant Cell Physiol. 30, 335-344. 

T Kuwabara and N Murata (1982) Inactivation of photosynthetic oxygen evolution and concomitant release of three polypeptides in the photosystem II particles of spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 23 533-539... 

Nakano Y and Asada K (1981) Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 22 867-880... 

C. Guda, S.B. Lee, and H. Daniell, Stable expression of a biodegradable protein-based polymer in stable tobacco chloroplasts. Plant Cell Reports 19 257-262, 2000. 

Kuroda FI, Kobashi K, Kaseyama H et al. Possible involvement of a low redox potential component(s) downstream of photosystem I in the translational regulation of the D1 subunit of the photosystem II reaction center in isolated pea chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 1996 37 754-761. 

Guera A, De Nova PG, Sabater B. Identification of the Ndh(NAD(P)H-plastoquinone-oxidoreductase) complex in etioplast membranes of barley Changes during photomorphogenesis of chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 2000 41 49-59. 

Dubacq J.P., Drapier A., Tr molldres A. and Kader J.C. (1984) - Role of phospholipid transfer protein in the exchange of phospholipids between microsomes and chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol., 25, 1197-1200. 

Shinohara K and Sakurai H (198O) 3-Naphthyl oligophosphate. Inhibitors of photophosphorylation and H+-ATPase of spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 21, T5 8i+ (1981) Pyridoxal 5 phosphate, phenyl phosphate and acetyl phosphate as inhibitors of photophosphorylation competitive with phosphate. Plant Cell Physiol. 22, li 7 1 5T (1982) Light-induced ATP formation from acetyl... 

Plant cells contain a unique family of organelles, the plastids, of which the chloroplast is the prominent example. Chloroplasts have a double membrane envelope, an inner volume called the stroma, and an internal membrane system rich in thylakoid membranes, which enclose a third compartment, the thylakoid lumen. Chloroplasts are significantly larger than mitochondria. Other plastids are found in specialized structures such as fruits, flower petals, and roots and have specialized roles. 

Starch is stored in plant cells in the form of granules in the stroma of plas-tids (plant cell organelles) of two types chloroplasts, in which photosynthesis takes place, and amyloplasts, plastids that are specialized starch accumulation bodies. When starch is to be mobilized and used by the plant that stored it, it must be broken down into its component monosaccharides. Starch is split into its monosaccharide elements by stepwise phosphorolytic cleavage of glucose units, a reaction catalyzed by starch phosphorylase (Figure 7.23). This is formally an a(1 4)-glucan phosphorylase reaction, and at each step, the prod-... 

Peltier, J. B., Friso, G., Kalume, D. E., Roepstorff, P., Nilsson, F., Adamska, I., and van Wijk, K. J. (2000). Proteomics of the chloroplast systematic identification and targeting analysis of lumenal and peripheral thylakoid proteins. Plant Cell 12, 303-304. 

Plastids are any of a number of interrelated organelles occurring in the cytoplasm of plant cells in which starch, oil, protein, pigments, etc., are stored. The chlorophyll-containing chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis, are referred to as green plastids. 

Figure 1. The separation of the half reaction in the chloroplast of the photosynthetic plant cell. The dark reaction (left) and the light-driven reactions (right) are shown. Key NADP oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ATPf adenosine triphosphate and Pit inorganic phosphate.

In spite of the variety of appearances of eukaryotic cells, their intracellular structures are essentially the same. Because of their extensive internal membrane structure, however, the problem of precise protein sorting for eukaryotic cells becomes much more difficult than that for bacteria. Figure 4 schematically illustrates this situation. There are various membrane-bound compartments within the cell. Such compartments are called organelles. Besides the plasma membrane, a typical animal cell has the nucleus, the mitochondrion (which has two membranes see Fig. 6), the peroxisome, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, the lysosome, and the endosome, among others. As for the Golgi apparatus, there are more precise distinctions between the cis, medial, and trans cisternae, and the TGN trans Golgi network) (see Fig. 8). In typical plant cells, the chloroplast (which has three membranes see Fig. 7) and the cell wall are added, and the lysosome is replaced with the vacuole. 

Ozone changes plant cell membrane (17, 18) and chloroplast membrane permeability (19). Loss of membrane integrity is also caused by plant pathogens (20), drought (21), herbicides (22) and frost (21). 

Phenols are present in chloroplasts (23, 24) and in vacuoles (25) of plant cells. The enzyme polyphenol oxidase and other enzymes of the phenolase complex are bound to the chloroplast lamellae or stroma 27) and in the cytoplasm (26). Although... 

If photosynthetic and respiratory changes cannot account for the increases in adenylate concentration, which system is responsible It has been reported that ADP and ATP concentrations of Ehrlich ascites tirnior cells increase in the presence of adenine (15), Whether this wo ild hold true for plant cells is not known, but it seems plausible that equilibrium shifts would initiate similar responses. An increase in adenine concentrations could occur if there was any breakdown of nucleic acids. There is one report that the number of ribosomes in the chloroplast does decrease in response to ozone (16). An increase in synthesis of purines is also possible but there is no evidence to either support or refute this hypothesis. 

Chloroplast—Structure in green plant cells that captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy. 

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