Chlorine unloading

Frank, W. L. (1995). Evaluation of a Containment Building for a Liquid Chlorine Unloading Facility. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium, July 30-August 2, 1995, Boston, MA, ed. E. D. Wixom and R. P. Benedetti, Paper 5b. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

W = weight of chlorine unloaded, t n = total pressure on the vehicle, kPa P = vapor pressure of chlorine, kPa T = temperature, K... 

R. Tujague, Chlorine Unloading Systems, 40th Chlorine Institute Plant Operations Seminar, New Orleans, LA (1997). 

The Chemical Safety Board investigates a chlorine unloading hose failure... 

HAZOP ReYiew of the Chlorine Railcar Unloading System 4 CHLORINE VAPORIZER... 

Liquid chlorine is unloaded from rail tankers into a storage vessel. To provide the necessary NPSH, the transfer pump is placed in a pit below ground level. Given the following information, calculate the NPSH available at the inlet to the pump, at a maximum flow-rate of 16,000 kg/h. 

Joseph Stone was a long-haul truck driver, age twenty-two, who lived off-the-road in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. His sleeper-truck was a Freightliner which pulled into Avondale Mills too late for unloading on January 5, 2005. Stone, also known as Rolling Stone, his CB radio name, drove for J.W. Express located in Deauville, Quebec. He called his girlfriend at home in Quebec to tell her he would be held up for the night, and then went to bed in his truck. Runaway chlorine gas killed Joseph Stone by inhalation while he slept on Leitner Street in Graniteville, and he may never have known what killed him. 

Chlorine and Sulfur Dioxide—Container Shipment Unloading Yes / No / n/a Comments... 

Chlorine cylinders are equipped wiili a single valve. Gas is delivered when the tank is in an upright position liquid when the cylinder is in an inverted position. However, liquid withdrawal from cylinders is not usually pracliccd. In Ihc ease of ton containers, two valves are provided, permitting easy w ilhdruw ul of cither gaseous or liquid chlorine. Bulk shipments almost always arc unloaded in the liquid phase. 

A partial account of an explosion, fire and methanethiol release at a site where chlorine and methanethiol tankers were adjacent to each other for unloading. One may surmise that wrong connection allowed contact in the pipework, the two react readily. 

By placing vacuum at the exit of the reactor the catalyst particle could be unloaded, and using the inert gas stream at the inlet of the reactor, new catalyst can be placed. At the outlet of the reaction channel two posts 25 pm apart act as a filter to retain the catalyst particles. In addition, some channels were used to hold thermocouples or optical fibers to monitor the experimental conditions. To prevent corrosion of silicon by gaseous chlorine, the channels are covered with a silicon oxide layer of about 5 nm thickness. The reactor is capped with a Pyrex wafer [39]. A more detailed description of the reactor is given in [61]. 

Chlorination in shaft electric furnaces. A shaft furnace is a steel apparatus lined on the inside with a layer of diabase on liquid glass and a layer of special low porosity chamotte brick. The lower part of the furnace has two rows of coal electrodes (three in each row). The lower part of the furnace is filled with coal packing to 400-700 mm above the top electrodes. The melted metal chlorides flow down the heated packing. They are collected in the lower zone of the furnace and periodically unloaded. 

In the course of chlorination the melt is gradually enriched with chlorides of calcium, magnesium and other metals this increases its viscosity and impairs the reaction conditions. Because of this the melt should be periodically renewed. When part of the melt is poured off, the nonclorinated residue is also withdrawn, which is an important advantage of this process in comparison with chlorination in shaft furnaces. During the unloading of... 

The heavy-bunker approach would make maintenance difficult and in many cases would require workers to don full protective equipment before entering the confined area. It is not suitable for loading/unloading systems and is largely confined to the erection of small buildings for confinement of reactors that have the potential for a sudden release of considerable energy or quantities of chlorine. The Eimo Chlor conclusion is tiiat no credible scenario justifies (this approach) for imits containing liquid chlorine. ... 

Recommendations for unloading and loading of road and rail tankers are contained, respectively, in GEST 78/73 and 78/74, which also provide checklists for inspection and operation. Many features are common to the two operations. For example, the location of the facility should be level, as close as practicable to the source of chlorine (loading) or the receiving equipment (unloading). It should also be well lit, adequately separated from other traffic, and accessible from at least two sides. The facility and operation should be covered in the site emergency plan. 

Loading and unloading operations are special cases of liquid transfer, which is the subject of the preceding Section 9.1.8.4. Safety is the paramount concern. Qualified personnel should attend both operations at all times. The hazards added to those incidental to the handling of chlorine include the need to make and break connections to equipment or lines that contain chlorine and the need to secure vehicles before and after operation. 

The venting arrangement is an integral part of a loading or unloading system. Figure 9.37 shows a connection at the pump and two at the loading spot, near the flexible connections. Each vent line contains a trap with liquid detection to keep liquid out of the vent scrubber and chlorine recovety systems. 

Example. We wish to unload chlorine at a rate of 151 hr into a system held at 275 kPa (gauge). The chlorine in the tanker is at 265°K, where its vapor pressure is 170kPa(g). We assume pressures of 400 kPa in the padded vapor space of the tanker and 450 kPa at the compressor outlet. The air flow to the tanker, by Eq. (76), is... 

Common carriers bear the fnimary responsibility for their cargoes. However, prudence and Responsible Care (Section 16.4.2.6) require a chlorine producer to be closely involved with all shipping agents and to share information and training resources. Mobile containers must be fabricated correctly to prevent or withstand damage. They require valves for loading and unloading these are particularly susceptible... 

J. W. Mason, Design Aspects of Loading and Unloading Systems Which Can Mitigate or Eliminate Accidental Chlorine Releases. In R. W. Curry (ed.). Modem Chlor-Alkali Technology, vol. 6, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge (1995), p. 48. 

Pamphlet 87 Sodium Hydroxide Solution and Potassium Hydroxide Solution (Caustic) Tank Car Loading/Unloading, The Chlorine Institute, Washington, DC, 1993. 

A typical arrangement for unloading liquid chlorine from tank cars is shown in Fig. 7-4. Liquid flow is through the tank car s liquid eduction valve to a liquid evaporator, then direct to process. Whenever liquid chlorine can be trapped between two valves, the line must be protected by an expansion chamber. 

Unloading. In general, guidelines for unloading all chlorine containers apply to the tank car operation. These include ... 

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