Loading and unloading

During loading and unloading of crude oil tankers, the specific gravity of the crude is measured to confirm it meets the specifications for the case where payment is made on a barrel basis, or when the volume is converted into weight if the transaction is based on a price per ton (Hayward et al., 1980). 

Figure Bl.19.35. Experimental nanoindentation eurves obtained with the AFM showing the loading and unloading behaviour of (a) an elastomer and highly oriented pyrolytie graphite and (b) a gold foil. (Taken from [183]. figure 4.)...

An important aspect of the mechanical properties of fibers concerns their response to time dependent deformations. Fibers are frequently subjected to conditions of loading and unloading at various frequencies and strains, and it is important to know their response to these dynamic conditions. In this connection the fatigue properties of textile fibers are of particular importance, and have been studied extensively in cycHc tension (23). The results have been interpreted in terms of molecular processes. The mechanical and other properties of fibers have been reviewed extensively (20,24—27). 

Fig. 12. Dynamic loading and unloading of a 2onal rotor, (a) Gradient is loaded while rotor is spinning at 2000 rpm (b) a sample is injected at 2000 rpm, followed by injection of overlay (c) particles separated when the rotor is mnning at speed and (d) contents are unloaded by introducing a dense solution at...

Performance data on some typical tray and compartment diyers are tabulated in Table 12-10. These indicate that an overall rate of evaporation of 0.0025 to 0.025 kg water/(s m") of tray area may be expected from tray and tray-truck diyers. The thermal efficiency of this type of diyer will vary from 20 to 50 percent, depending on the diying temperature used and the humidity of the exhaust air. In diying to very low moisture contents under temperature restrictions, the thermal efficiency may be in the order of 10 percent. The major operating cost for a tray diyer is the labor involved in loading and unloading the trays. About two labor-hours are required to load and unload a standard two-truck tray diyer. In addition, about one-third to one-fifth of a... 

Samples are most frequently shock deformed under laboratory conditions utilizing either explosive or gun-launched flyer (driver) plates. Given sufficient lateral extent and assembly thickness, a sample may be shocked in a onedimensional strain manner such that the sample experiences concurrently uniaxial-strain loading and unloading. Based on the reproducibility of projectile launch velocity and impact planarity, convenience of use, and ability to perform controlled oblique impact (such as for pressure-shear studies) guns have become the method of choice for many material equation-of-state and shock-recovery studies [21], [22]. 

Collectively, the shock/release sequence amounts to a single cycle stress/ strain path change excursion with elastic and plastic deformation operative during both loading and unloading. 

Considerable stray currents can, of course, be caused by dc-driven cranes that load and unload ships where the rails act as the return conductor for the current. The rails run parallel to the harbor basin, quay walls of steel-reinforced concrete or steel piling walls. These can take up a large part of the stray current and conduct it further because of their small longitudinal resistance. Noticeable stray current inter-... 

Process requirements. Are there speeial startup and shutdown eonsiderations sueh as eatalyst loading and unloading and minimum air requirements ... 

Truck unloading stations, barge, ship, or railcar loading and unloading stations grain and rack dryers and handling operations. Source Pahl, D., /. Air PoIIut. Control Assoc. 33, 468-482 (1983). 

Controls for the safe transfer of ehemieals between ship and shore will vary in detail. The eseape of dust and vapour should be minimized when loading and unloading of bulk liquids or solids and persons should not be at risk. Preeautions to avoid eontaet with water are needed when transferring water-ineompatible materials (page 229). Preeautions for handling explosives inelude ... 

A direct statement of the responsibility for the loading and unloading operation. 

The loading and unloading of bulk flammable liquids and gases at harbours and inland waterways Lithium batteries... 

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