Chlorine radioactive

Some radioactive bromine (half-life 36 hours), in the form of ammonium bromide, was put into a brine stream as a radioactive tracer. At another plant 30 km away, the brine stream was electrolyzed to produce chlorine. Radioactive bromine entered the chlorine stream and subsequently concentrated in the base of a distillation column, which removed heavy ends. This column was fitted with a radioactive-level controller. The radioactive bromine affected the level controller, which registered a low level and closed the bottom valve on the column. The column became flooded. There was no injury, but production was interrupted. 

Natural titanium is reported to become very radioactive after bombardment with deuterons. The emitted radiations are mostly positrons and hard gamma rays. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal alpha form changes to the cubic beta form very slowly at about 88O0C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550oC. 

A solution to the question of the mechanism of these reactions was provided by John D Roberts m 1953 on the basis of an imaginative experiment Roberts prepared a sample of chlorobenzene m which one of the carbons the one bearing the chlorine was the radioactive mass 14 isotope of carbon Reaction with potassium amide m liquid... 

Naturally occurring isotopes of any element are present in unequal amounts. For example, chlorine exists in two isotopic forms, one with 17 protons and 18 neutrons ( Cl) and the other with 17 protons and 20 neutrons ( Cl). The isotopes are not radioactive, and they occur, respectively, in a ratio of nearly 3 1. In a mass spectrum, any compound containing one chlorine atom will have two different molecular masses (m/z values). For example, methyl chloride (CH3CI) has masses of 15 (for the CH3) plus 35 (total = 50) for one isotope of chlorine and 15 plus 37 (total = 52) for the other isotope. Since the isotopes occur in the ratio of 3 1, molecular ions of methyl chloride will show two molecular-mass peaks at m/z values of 50 and 52, with the heights of the peaks in the ratio of 3 1 (Figure 46.4). 

Poison A gas explosives-A/B, organic peroxide, flammable solid, materials dangerous when wet, chlorine, flourine, anhydrous ammonia, radioactive materials, NFPA 3 4 for any categories including SF>ecial hazards. PCB s fire, DOT inhalation hazzird, EPA extremely hazardous substances, and cryogenics. 

Tetrachlorodibenzo- -dioxm- C, U.L. 2,7-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin- C, U.L. (0.500 gram) was stirred with 10 ml of chloroform containing trace amounts of FeCls and L and heated to reflux temperature while chlorine gas was passed into the mixture for 18 hours. After cooling, the white insoluble product was collected by filtration and triturated with 15 ml of boiling chloroform. The insoluble portion was transferred to a sublimation flask where it was vacuum-sublimed at 140 °C. The sublimate was recrystallized from 2.5 ml of anisole and washed with chloroform. The product weighed 0.229 gram and contained 2.9 /xCi of radioactivity per mg. 

TLC Analysis. Samples were examined by TLC using standard procedures. Rf values were determined and compared with those of authentic reference materials. Radioactive components were located by scanning (Vanguard Instrument Corp., North Haven, Conn., Model 885) or by autoradiography (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, N. Y., type AA film). The relative Rf value of DCDD on silica gel plates (Brinkmann Instruments, Inc., Westbury, N. Y., type For,4) when developed with n-hexane dioxane acetic acid, 90 10 4, V/V/V, was 0.90. The observed impurity had a relative Rf value of 0.40. On Brinkmann alumina plates, developed with n-hexane, DCDD had a relative Rf of 0.32. Neither system separated the chlorinated dibenzodioxin isomers. 

Reactions. Part. I. The Mechanism of the Wagner-Meerwein Rearrangement. Exchange of Radioactive Chlorine and of Deuterium between Camphene Hydrochloride and Hydrogen Chloride. J. chem. Soc. [London] 1939, 1188. 

Hydrohalogenation, 10 597 Hydroiodic acid (HI), 14 360, 374. See also Hydrogen iodide Hydroisoquinolines, 21 205, 206 Hydrolases, 3 675-676 Hydrologic cycle, 26 2-3. See also Hydrogeochemical cycle(s) carbon circulation in, 26 27—30 chlorine circulation in, 26 31 nitrogen circulation in, 26 32 sulfur circulation in, 26 30-31 Hydrology, in radioactive waste disposal, 25 856, 857... 

Chemical sensors that can be used to identify potential threats to process water and industrial wastewater systems include inorganic monitors (e.g., chlorine analyzer), organic monitors (e.g., total organic carbon analyzer), and toxicity meters. Radiological meters can be used to measure concentrations of several different radioactive species. 

Crystallisation was one of the earliest methods used for separation of radioactive microcomponents from a mass of inert material. Uranium X, a thorium isotope, is readily concentrated in good yield in the mother liquors of crystallisation of uranyl nitrate (11), (33), (108). A similar method has been used to separate sulphur-35 [produced by the (n, p) reaction on chlorine-35] from pile irradiated sodium ot potassium chloride (54), (133). Advantage is taken of the low solubility of the target materials in concentrated ice-cold hydrochloric acid, when the sulphur-35 as sulphate remains in the mother-liquors. Subsequent purification of the sulphur-35 from small amounts of phosphorus-32 produced by the (n, a) reaction on the chlorine is, of course, required. Other examples are the precipitation of barium chloride containing barium-1 from concentrated hydrochloric acid solution, leaving the daughter product, carrier-free caesium-131, in solution (21) and a similar separation of calcium-45 from added barium carrier has been used (60). 

Metabolism. There is a paucity of information on PCB metabolism in fish. With the exception of one study of one study (25) metabolites of PCBs in fish have not been identified other than to say they were more polar than the parent compound (26,27,28,29). Also while effect of degree of chlorination on PCB metabolism in fish has been studied (26) effect of chlorine position has not. What is known is that fish in general metabolize PCBs at a slow rate in comparison to mammalian species (29,30,31) and that rate of metabolism appears to be inversely related to degree of chlorination (20,26). Table IV shows percentage of radioactivity... 

DDT Metabolism.-- The metabolism of DDT has been studied in R and S fish, following similar protocols to chlorinated cyclodiene metabolism organic extraction (acetonitrile), thin layer chromatography of organic extracts, and liquid scintillation counting of the resultant spots (4). When S and R fish were exposed to 60 yg/l of 14C-labelled , -DDT for 4 hr, radioactivity was found in the spots which co-chromatographed with... 

When the halogens are in a gaseous state, they occur as diatomic molecules (e.g., Cl ). However, only two of the halogens are gases at room temperature fluorine (F ) and chlorine (Cy. Bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid at room temperatures. Astatine is the only halogen that is radioactive and is not very important as a representative of the halogens. 

ISOTOPES There are a total of 25 isotopes of chlorine. Of these, only two are stable and contribute to the natural abundance on Earth as follows Cl-35 = 75.77% and Cl-37 = 24.23%. All the other 23 isotopes are produced artificially, are radioactive, and have half-lives ranging from 20 nanoseconds to 3.01 x 10+ years. 

The major degradation of atrazine in soil was its conversion to hydroxyatrazine by loss of the chlorine atom (2-5). Dealkylation also occurred with deethylation predominating over deisopropyla-tion (5,6). Only small amounts of the radioactivity of the ring labeled atrazine was converted to C02 by soil (6,8-10). Geller (11) found that the percentages of evolved "from C-labeled... 

Historically, chlorine was the first target used to trap neutrinos. Chlorine-37 is mainly sensitive to high-energy neutrinos emanating from marginal fusion reactions (2 out of 10000) which lead to production of boron-8. On rather rare occasions, under the impact of neutrinos, chlorine-37 is transformed into radioactive argon-37 which is easy to detect by its radiation. However, the myriads of low-energy neutrinos completely escape its notice. 

Experiments with the chlorine attached to a radioactively labeled carbon-14 atom produce phenol with 50 percent of the OH attached to the carbon-14 atom and 50 percent attached to the adjacent Ccirbon atom. This distribution indicates that the second attack by the hydroxide ion has equal probability of attacking either side of the triple bond, which is evidence of the existence of the triple bond, and, therefore, of the benzyne molecule. 

Recent work (Brown and Pearsall, 15) has indicated that while hydrogen aluminum tetrachloride is nonexistent, interaction of aluminum chloride and hydrogen chloride does occur in the presence of substances (such as benzene and presumably, olefins) to which basic properties may be ascribed. It may be concluded that while hydrogen aluminum tetrachloride is an unstable acid, its esters are fairly stable. Further evidence in support of the hypothesis that metal halides cause the ionization of alkyl halides (the products of the addition of the hydrogen halide promoters to the olefins) is found in the fact that exchange of radioactive chlorine atoms for ordinary chlorine atoms occurs when ferf-butyl chloride is treated with aluminum chloride containing radioactive chlorine atoms the hydrogen chloride which is evolved is radioactive (Fair-brother, 16). 

Both chlorine dioxide and chlorite are primarily metabolized to chloride ion. At 72 hours following single oral (gavage) administration of radiolabeled chlorine dioxide in rats, chloride ion accounted for approximately 87% of the radioactivity that had been collected in the urine and 80% of the radioactivity in a plasma sample (Abdel-Rahman et al. 1980b). Chlorite was the other major metabolite, accounting for approximately 11 and 21% of the radioactivity in the urine and plasma samples, respectively. Chlorate was a minor component of the radioactivity in the urine. Similarly, chloride ion accoimted for approximately 85% of the radioactivity in the 72-hour urine collection of rats that had been orally administered radiolabeled chlorite the remainder in the form of chlorite (Abdel-Rahman et al. 1984a). 

Urinary excretion of C1 was observed in rats that had been administered Alcide, an antimicrobial compound consisting of sodium chlorite and lactic acid that form chlorine dioxide when mixed (Scatina et al. 1984). The rats had received 10 daily dermal applications, followed by an application of radiolabeled Alcide. Urinary excretion was greatest in the first 24 hours post application the half-time of urinary elimination was 64 hours. The excreted radioactivity consisted of approximately equal portions of chloride ion and chlorite. No radioactivity was detected in feces or expired air. 

When irradiating a neon-chlorine mixture chlorine, mono[ F]fluoride (CI[ F]F) of high specific activity can be obtained [45], In electrophilic reactions this reagent would rather introduce the less-electronegative non-radioactive chlorine atom. However, addition to a double bond should be feasible as has been shown for bromine [ F]fluoride (Brp F]F) prepared more recently from activated [ F]fluoride [64-66],... 

The halogens will be restricted to chlorine, bromine and iodine since fluorine, as the most electronegative element, does not function as the central atom in a complex and astatine has only short-lived, radioactive isotopes, so that very little of its coordination chemistry has been investigated.2 ... 

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