Chinese Exclusion

Acker, Caroline jean. 1988. "White Labor and Chinese Exclusion in San Francisco in the 1870s." Unpublished manuscript. 

The Chinese Exclusion case, which the majority opinion here cites, involved an appeal to the Supreme Court challenging the... 

The Justices handing down the opinion in the Chinese Exclusion case cite approvingly the words of Chief Justice Marshall, who asserted that The jurisdiction of the nation within its territory is necessarily exclusive and absolute and the words of William Leonard Marcy, Secretary of State under President Pierce, who asserted that Every society possesses the undoubted right to determine who shall compose its members, and it is exercised by all nations, both in peace and war. ... 

Cinnamomum cassia B/um (Lauraceae) is the so-caUed cassia. It is native to southeastern China and has not been grown successfuUy outside of this area. The dried bark of this evergreen tree is stripped, ground, and sold almost exclusively in China. The leaves and twigs of the tree contain the same flavor components as the bark and are steam distUled to yield the cassia oil of commerce. Infrequently, smaU amounts of bark are bundled and exported as cassia lignea but caimot compete with the other varieties as bark spice. The Chinese prefer to seU the essential oil. 

The vitamin D2 volume is estimated at only 1200 kg/yr, exclusive of Chinese sources. 

Even today, however, the alloy is favored over mischmetal for multiple ladle practices and for a combined deoxidation-desulfur-ization-sulfide shape control effect using large ladle additions in the production of critical line pipe qualities. This latter application is threatened by substitution with calcium injection as we will see later. Because it was based on bastnasite, an exclusively American ore at the time, and because of its metallurgical limitations, RES never took hold extensively in Europe and in Japan, The recent emergence of a very large Chinese bastnasite deposit may prompt renewed interest in some sort of direct reduced REM alloy during the eighties. 

Substantial quantities of luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and luteolin-7-O-rutinoside occur in Red Oak Leaf and Lollo Rosso, two red-leaved varieties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) [Llorach et al., 2008], Polymethoxylated flavones such as nobiletin, scutellarein, sinensetin, and tangeretin (Fig. 1.8) are found exclusively in citrus species [Crozier et al., 2006c], while diosmetin-7-O-glucuronide has been isolated from the fruits of a Chinese herb, Luffa cylindrical. 

The deficiency of debrisoquine metabolism (19) was also tested in our laboratory, and we found a different metabolic ratio between Chinese and Caucasian students (34). These observations, together with the old G6PD and NAT2 data and some additional comparisons, firmly planted in my mind the idea that differences in drug metabolism are not only a matter of individuals but frequently occur also between the human populations. I published a review article that probably was the first exclusively concerned with interethnic differences of drug metabolism (35). Knowledge of such differences has become very important for the pharmaceutical industry. 

The earliest Chinese dynasty whose calendar is known is the Chou. According to W. Eberhard, a 384-day year did exist in late Chou times, although it was regarded as an intercalary year with the usual year of twelve months being 354 days. Seven such intercalary years were inserted in every nineteen years, that is, into the Lunar Metonic cycle (W. Eberhard, personal communication, 1974). This mixed calendar may represent a transition form from an earlier time when years of 384 days were used exclusively. 

In another comparison of the efficacy and adverse effects of adapaiene gel 1% or 0.025% tretinoin gel in 150 Chinese patients, similar effects were observed (19). In both groups skin irritation was mild, but it was more pronounced with tretinoin. Burning was the most common unwanted effect in those who used tretinoin compared with adapaiene (34 versus 11%). There was dryness of the skin in 34% of those who used tretinoin and in 22% of those who used adapaiene. The respective frequencies of scaling were 26 and 15%, and of erythema 26 and 2.7%. Pruritus was the only adverse effect experienced exclusively by those who used adapaiene, and it occurred in under 4%. Overall, 46% of those who used tretinoin had some form of irritation, compared with 32% of those who used adapaiene. 

Over the last two decades there has been a resurgence of interest in the study and use of medicinal plants. The WHO (World Health Organization) has confirmed the importance of traditional medicine to a majority of the. world s population and encourages all countries to preserve and to use the safe and positive elements of traditional medicine in their national health systems. The WHO Traditional Medicine Programme (1) was inspired by the observation that 80% of the world s population treats diseases exclusively with traditional medicines, and most traditional therapies involve the use of plant extracts or their active constituents. Vegetable species from South America and China are of particular interest in view of their wide use in traditional medicine they offer local populations immediately accessible safe and effective therapeutic products. However only a small fraction of South American and Chinese medicinal plants have been studied. Therefore it is of general interest to document the experience of traditional healers, to select interesting medicinal species and to identify the constituents responsible for their therapeutic or toxic effects. 

Plants have always played a central role in traditional systems of medicine for the prevention and treatment of disease worldwide [10, 11]. Although an in-depth history of plant medicines, for both human and veterinary purposes is beyond the scope of this review, it is important to understand that for thousands of years the traditional medicine in all countries exclusively employed naturally occurring plant medicines. For example, Hippocrates (5th century B.C.) mentions approximately 300 to 400 medicinal plants in his medical writings Dioscorides (1st century A.D.) wrote De Materia Medica, a medicinal plant treatise that outlined the medical use of numerous plant species and many hundreds of plant remedies are described in the Papyrus of Ebers, discovered in Egypt, which was written about 1550 BC [5, 11]. Furthermore, traditional Chinese medicine uses multiple plant prescriptions and has served the health needs of the Chinese population for over 5000 years [12, 13]. The Bible also described over 30 plant species, including frankincense and myrrh, which are reported to have antiseptic and healing properties [5]. 

---