Calcium injection

Even today, however, the alloy is favored over mischmetal for multiple ladle practices and for a combined deoxidation-desulfur-ization-sulfide shape control effect using large ladle additions in the production of critical line pipe qualities. This latter application is threatened by substitution with calcium injection as we will see later. Because it was based on bastnasite, an exclusively American ore at the time, and because of its metallurgical limitations, RES never took hold extensively in Europe and in Japan, The recent emergence of a very large Chinese bastnasite deposit may prompt renewed interest in some sort of direct reduced REM alloy during the eighties. 

This discussion indicates that most steels produced today using the low sulfur practices, typically at 0.005% S, are not showing complete substitution of MnS inclusions. Fortimately, the property improvement is generally sufficient to satisfy almost all specifications. However, the possibility exists of a partial return to a final REM addition at the low sulfur levels obtained by calcium injection to achieve much easier shape control at low cost and without side effects, when critical performances are essential. 

Rude RK, Singer FR. Comparison of serum calcitonin levels after a 1-minute calcium injection and after pentagastrin mjection in the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977 44 980-3. 

The toughness of steel was also increased by improved ladle and process metallurgy. Most accompanying elements - sulfur and oxygen - can be removed by vacuum ladle treatment (VOD/AOD) and calcium injection into the liquid melting bath and so the number of non-metallic inclusions, e.g. sulfides and oxides, in the alloy is considerably reduced. Today a sulfur content below 20 ppm and an oxygen content below 30 ppm can be reached. 

Hydrogen induced cracking in the presence of H2S has been a serious problem in the oil and gas industry. Today special HIC-resistant steel grades are available with a very low sulfur and oxygen content (< 20 ppm and <30 ppm, respectively) combined with calcium injection (grade API X52, X65 or X70). 

Turner JJ, Wren AM, Jackson JE, Thakker RV, Meeran K (2002) Localization of gastrinomas by selective intraarterial calcium injection. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57 821-825... 

One method of treatment is to inject calcitonin, which decreases blood Ca " concentration and increases bone calcification (33). Another is to increase the release of calcitonin into the blood by increasing the blood level of Ca " ( 4). This latter treatment is accompHshed by increasing Ca " absorption from the intestine requiring dietary calcium supplements and avoidance of high phosphate diets. The latter decrease Ca " absorption by precipitation of the insoluble calcium phosphate. 

Strontium-89 chloride is a calcium analogue that rapidly clears from the blood and is taken up into bone mineral, particularly in areas of active osteogenesis, as weU as primary bone tumors and metastases. It is used for reHef of bone pain in patients having painful skeleton bone metastases. It is suppHed in an injectable solution. 

In the EHE process, a starch slurry is prepared and calcium, as the chloride or hydroxide, is added as a cofactor to provide heat stabiUty to the enzyme. The starch slurry is passed through a stream injection heater and held at temperature for about one hour. The resulting 4—8 DE hydrolyzate is then subjected to a heat treatment in a hoi ding tube, redosed with enzyme, and allowed to react for one hour to a DE level of 10—15. 

USP XXII general dihydrate 99-107% CaCl2-2 H2O calcium chloride for injections, sterile solution in water, 95—105% of labeled CaCL-2 H,0 ... 

Calcium chloride solutions, typically employed at 2—5% concentration, are used as antispasmodics, diuretics (qv), and in the treatment of tetany. Concentrated solutions of calcium chloride cause erythema, exfoUation, ulceration, and scarring of the skin (39). Injections into the tissue may cause necrosis. If given orally calcium chloride can cause irrita tion to the gastrointestinal tract unless accompanied by a demulcent. There is no pubHshed information on mutagenicity or carcinogenicity caused by calcium ions or calcium chloride. Calcium chloride has been given a toxicity or hazard level 3 (40). Materials in this classification typically have LD q below 400 mg/kg or an LC q below 100 ppm. 

Today s major emissions control methods are sorbent injection and flue gas desulfurization. Sorbent injection involves adding an alkali compound to the coal combustion gases for reaction with the sulfur dioxide. Typical calcium sorbents include lime and variants of lime. Sodium-based compounds are also used. Sorbent injection processes remove 30 to 60% of sulfur oxide emissions. 

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