China, fuel production

There is a need for continued increases in yields not only to feed a growing world population, but also for greater fuel production (OECD-FAO, 2007). For example, US ethanol production, predominately based on corn, is expected to double between 2006 and 2016 (Figure 1.1). By 2016, ethanol is expected to represent a full one-third of corn production. Corn used for fuel in China is expected to increase from 3.5 million tons in 2006 to 9 million tons in 2016 (Figure 1.2). Ethanol production in Brazil is predominately based on sugarcane and is expected to increase by 145% between 2006 and 2016 (Figure 1.3). 

China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) Ruineng Technology Co. Ltd was set up by CNNC in November 2011 to industrialize used fuel reprocessing technology and mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel production to close the fuel cycle. A pilot reprocessing plant using the... 

Morrison, J.L., B.G. Miller, and A.W. Scaroni. 1997. Coal-Water Slurry Fuel Production Its Evolution and Current Status in the United States. Proc. 14 International Pittsburgh Coal Conference. Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, Peoples Republic of China. Sep 23-27. 

A more abundantiy produced substance is ethanol for use in alcohoHc beverages, and as a fuel, solvent, and feedstock for organic syntheses. Ethanol (qv) production from sucrose is carried out in Europe (eg, France and the Netherlands), India, Pakistan, China, and on a very large scale in Brazil, where it is used as a motor fuel. A valuable by-product of ethanol fermentation is industrial CO2 (see Carbon dioxide). 

Coal is the most abundant and most economical fossil fuel resource in the world. Proven coal reseiwes exceed 1 trillion tons, and indicated reserves are estimated at 24 trillion tons. Coal is found in eveiy continent of the world, including Antarctica, although the largest quantities of coal are in the Northern Hemisphere. Coal is mined in some sixty countries in nineteen coal basins around the world, but more than 57 percent of the world s total recoverable reserves are estimated to be in the United States, and China, which together account for more than two-thirds of the world s coal production. 

All of the world s major economies, as well as scores of smaller, low-income nations, rely mainly on hydrocarbons. Crude oil now supplies two-fifths of the world s primary energy (Table 1). There are distinct consumption patterns in the shares of light and hea vy oil products the United States burns more than 40 percent of all its liquid fuels as gasoline, Japan just a fifth and the residual fuel oil accounts for nearly a third of Japanese use, but for less than 3 percent of the U.S. total. Small countries of the Persian Gulf have the highest per capita oil consumption (more than 5 t a year in the United Arab Emirates and in Qatar) the U.S. rate is more than 2.5 t a year European means arc around 1 t China s mean is about 120 kg, and sub-Saharan Africa is well below 100 kg per capita. 

Fuels Chemicals Co. Ltd., China. Table 1 shows the comparisons of these three different processes for DME production by direct synthesis from synthesis gas. 

World oil-shale production fell from its peak of 46 Mt in 1980 to about 16 Mt in 2000 (Brendow, 2003). At present, about 69% of world oil-shale production is used for the generation of electricity and heat, about 6% for cement production and other industrial uses, and 25% is processed into shale oil. Oil shale has been burned directly as a very low-grade, high-ash-content fuel in a few countries, such as Estonia, which is also the only country in Europe where oil shale is of any importance. With a yearly production of about 14 Mt, oil shale still generated more than 90% of the electricity in Estonia at the time of writing, and also most of Estonia s 7000 b/d oil production comes from oil shale. Other countries where surface retorting of oil shale has been used for many years to yield shale oil are Brazil and China, which produced 3100 b/d and 1500 b/d in 2002,... 

Global production of roundwood was 3335 million in 1999 (3352 million m in 2000), about 50 % of which was as fuel wood, of which 90 % was consumed in developing countries. Industrial roundwood production (1550 million m in 1999) was dominated by developed countries (79 % of total annual production). This trend will change, in particular with the emergence of China as a major economic force. 

Oil shale deposits are found throughout the world. In 1838, the first oil shale industry was developed in France to distill oil shale for use as lamp fuel. In 1862, production began in Scotland. The oil shale industry in France was operational until the 1950s, but the Scottish industry continued for about 100 years until the high-grade oil shale reserves were depleted. Other processes were later developed in Estonia, China, and the United States. 

Zhu, Y., Song, C., Jiao, R. 1995. Partitioning studies in China and the separation of americium and fission product rare earths with dialkylphosphinic acid and its thio-sub-stituted derivatives. Global 1995 International Conference on Evaluation of Emerging Nuclear Fuel Cycle Systems, September, Versailles, France. 

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