Children’s blood lead

Aschengrau A, Beiser A, Bellinger D, et al. 1994. The impact of soil lead abatement on urban children s blood lead levels Phase II results from the Boston lead-in-soil demonstration project. Environ Research 67 125-148. 

Crump K. 1997. Evaluation of the Boston study of effectiveness of soil abatement in reducing children s blood lead, with particular emphasis upon the EPA (1996) reevaluation. ICF Kaiser, Ruston, Louisiana. Report to Seeger, Potter, Richardson, Luxton, Joselow Brooks. March 13, 1997. 

Lanphear BP, Burgoon DA, Rust SW, et al. 1998a. Environmental exposures to lead and urban children s blood lead levels. Environmental Research 76(2) 120-130. 

Lanphear BP, Weitzman M, Winter NL, et al. 1996b Lead-contaminated house dust and urban children s blood lead levels. Am J Public Health 86(10) 1416-1421. 

Laxen DP, Raab GM, Fulton M. 1987. Children s blood lead and exposure to lead in household dust and water—a basis for an environmental standard for lead in dust. Sci Total Environ 66 235-244. 

Wilson D, Estonian A, Lewis M, et al. 1986. Children s blood lead levels in the lead smelting town of Port Pirie, South Australia. Arch Environ Health 41 245-250. 

Correlation of Atmospheric Soil and Atmospheric Lead in Three North American Cities Can Re-suspension of Urban Lead Contaminated Soil be a Major Source of Urban Atmospheric Lead and Cause Seasonal Variations in Children s Blood Lead Levels ... 

Soil lead concentrations have been observed to be associated with children s blood lead concentrations using multiple study designs - cross-sectional, ecological spatial, ecological temporal, prospective soil removal and isotopic (Laidlaw Filippelli, 2008). 

Laidlaw Filippelli (2008), Laidlaw et al. (2005), and Filippelli et al. (2005) have demonstrated that seasonal variations in children s blood lead levels In Syracuse, Indianapolis and New Orleans could be predicted using soil moisture and atmospheric variables suggesting that resuspension of urban soils contaminated by past use of leaded gasoline and paint were causally related to seasonal variations in blood lead. These papers concluded that urban lead contaminated soil was being re-suspended when soils were dry in the summer and autumn when... 

Laidlaw, M.A.S., Mielke, H.W., Filippelli, G.M., Johnson, D.L., Gonzales, C.R., 2005. Seasonality and children s blood lead levels developing a predictive model using climatic variables and blood lead data from Indianapolis, Indiana, Syracuse, New York,... 

Mielke, H.W., Dugas, D., Mielke Jr., P.W., Smith, K.S., Smith, S.L., Gonzales, C.R., 1997. Associations between soil lead and children s blood lead in urban New Orleans and rural Lafourche Parish of Louisiana. Environ. Health Perspectiv., 105, 950-954. Yiin, L.M., Rhoads, G.G., Lioy, P.J. 2000. Seasonal influences on childhood lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 177-182. 

Laidlaw, M.A.S., Mielke, H.W., Filippelli, G.M., Johnson, D.L., Gonzales, C.R., 2005. Seasonality and children s blood lead levels developing a predictive model using climatic variables and blood lead data from Indianapolis, Indiana, Syracuse, New York, and New Orleans, Louisiana (USA). Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 793-800. Mielke, H.W., Gonzales C., Powell E., Mielke PW, Jr. 2008. Urban soil lead (Pb) footprint Comparison of public and private housing of New Orleans. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 30, 231-242. 

Zahran, S., Mielke, H.W., Weiler, S., Berry, K.J., Gonzales, C. Accepted Children s blood lead and standardized test performance response as indicators of neurotoxicity in metropolitan New Orleans elementary schools. NeuroToxicology. 

Emond et al. (1997) showed that the method of sampling can significantly influence dust lead and children s blood lead levels. They showed, by field measurements of lead-contaminated... 

Emond MJ, Lanphear BP, Watts A, Eberly S, and Members of the Rochester Lead-in-Dust Study Group (1997) Measurement error and its impact on the estimated relationship between dust lead and children s blood lead. Environmental Research, 72(1) 82-92. 

General conclusion is that there was evident environmental health risk in Veles with enough evidences of higher children s blood lead level, as well non significant minimal disorders in cognitive development (IQ), and... 

Decrease in Children s Blood Lead Concentrations in Polluted Areas... 

Lanphear bp, Matte TD, Rogers J, Cligkner RP, Dietz B, Bornschein RL, Succop P, Mahaeeey KR, Dixon S, Galke W, Rabinowitz M, Eareel M, Rohde C, Schwartz J, Ashley P and Jacobs DE (1998) The contribution of lead contaminated hose dust and residential soil to children s blood lead levels. Environ Res (SectionA) 79 51-68. 

Hladikova, V., Ursmyova, M., Sovci kova, E., Cvikova, V., 1997. Children s blood lead levels in relation to the selected environmental risk factors. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Environmental Epidemiology in Central and Eastern Europe Critical Issues for Improving Health. Smolenice, Slovak Republic, pp. 64-66. 

Michael Weitzman et al., Lead-Contaminated Soil Abatement and Urban Children s Blood Lead Levels, JAMA—The Journal of the American Medical Association 269 (1993) 1647-1654... 

Although studies in animals have shown that administration of vitamin D to vitamin D-deficient rats increased lead absorption, no similar association has been found in children to date. In fact, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin (1.25-(OH) ) levels in children with high blood lead levels were significantly reduced compared to controls as reported by Rosen et al. (1980). Plasma levels of 1.25-(OH)2 Ds rose to normal values in these children following EDTA chelation therapy, which reduced the children s blood lead levels. Reduced levels of 1.25-dihydroxy vitamin D have been observed in lead-fed rats (Smith et al., 1981). 

Changes in a biochemical parameter, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, considered indicative of the hormonal functions of the kidney, occur at far lower blood lead levels (Rosen et al. 1980). This metabolite is formed in the kidney from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and is the metabolite of vitamin D that is active in stimulating gastrointestinal absorption of calcium and lead. Children having highly elevated body burdens of lead, demonstrated by a blood lead > 60 yg/dl, had severely reduced plasma concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Chelation therapy with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid reduced the children s blood lead concentrations and increased plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to levels found in control subjects (Rosen et al. 1980). These differences in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may reflect a different rate of destruction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or formation of another metabolite. ... 

As set forth in U.S. HUD (1995), dust sampling by use of surface wipes is preferred on the basis of ease of use, relative cost, and a generally favorable performance record for routine samplings. For example, children s blood lead levels and dust wipe lead content in the same units are well correlated (Farfel et al., 1994 Lanphear et al., 1995). Certain vacuum collection approaches can also be used with trained operators in research studies. Measuring dust lead loading from hard surfaces is more reliable than firom complex surfaces such as upholstery or carpeting (Ewers et al., 1994). 

Hilts, S.R., 2003. Effect of smelter emission reductions on children s blood lead levels. Sci. Total Environ. 303, 51—58. 

SchiUing, R.J., Bain, R.P., 1988. Prediction of children s blood lead levels on the basis of house-hold-specific soil lead levels. Am. J. Epidemiol. 128, 197—205. 

Lanphear, B.P., Matte, T.D., Rogers, J., Clickner, R.P., Dietz, B., Bomschein, R.L., et al., 1998. The contribution of lead-contaminated house dust and residential soil to children s blood lead levels a pooled analysis of 12 epidemiological studies. Environ. Res. 79, 51-68. Layton, D.W., 1993. Metabolically consistent breathing rates for use in dose assessments. Health Phys. 64, 23-36. 

Dixon, S.L., Gaitens, J.M., Jacobs, D.E., Strauss, W., Nagaraja, J., Pivetz, T., et al., 2009. Exposure of U.S. children to residential dust lead, 1999—2004 B. The contribution of lead-contaminated dust to children s blood lead levels. Environ. Health Perspect. 117, 468—474. 

Lanphear, B.P., Winter, N.L., Apetz, L., Eberly, S., Weitzman, M., 1996. A randomized trial of the effect of dust control on children s blood lead levels. Pediatrics 98, 35—40. 

Phase III, the Wisconsin Childhood Blood-Lead Study, was a retrospective study focused on assessing the relationship between renovation and remodeling activities and children s blood-lead levels. 

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