Children anxiety

Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)... 

Birmaher, B., Brent, D.A., Chiappetta, L., Bridge, Monga, S., and Baugher, M. (1999) Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) a replication study. 1 Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38 1230-1236. 

A. Is anxiety excessive for this child Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)... 

Q Anxiety related to tailureto grow (parents and child)... 

Managing Anxiety and Body image Disturbance The parents, and sometimes the children, may be concerned about the success or possible failure of treatment with GH. The child is provided with the opportunity to share fears, concerns, or anger. The nurse acknowledges these feeling as normal and corrects any misconceptions the child or parents may have concerning treatment. Time is allowed for the parents and children to ask questions not only before therapy is started but also during the months of treatment. 

Conners Teacher Questionnaire. The TQ form was designed to obtain teacher evaluations of children up to age 15 in terms of their interactions with peers and their ability to cope with the school environment and requirements. There are 41 items, and the first 39 have a four-point scale. Question 40 deals with the teacher s evaluation of the child s severity of illness, and question 41 deals with global improvement in four different areas. This test is used once at pretreatment and as needed afterwards. It takes about 15 minutes to complete and covers either the present or any interval period up to one month. A shorter 11-item PTQ is often used after the initial use of the 41-item TQ. The five subscales included are conduct, inattentive-passive, tension-anxiety, hyperactivity, and social ability. 

Bernstein GA, Carroii ME, Crosby RD, Perwien AR, Go FS, Benowitz NL. (1994). Caffeine effects on iearning, performance, and anxiety in normai schooi-age chiidren. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 33(3) 407-15. 

Hinde RA, Leighton-Shapiro ME, McGinnis L (1978) Effects of various types of separation experience on rhesus monkeys 5 months later. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 19 199-211 Hindmarch I (1998) Cognition and anxiety the cognitive effects of anti-anxiety medication. Acta Psychiatr Scand 98 89-94... 

Eley TC, Stevenson J (1999) Exploring the covariation between anxiety and depression symptoms a genetic analysis of the effects of age and sex. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40 1273-1282... 

Merikangas KR, Dierker LC, Szatmari P (1998a) Psychopathology among offspring of parents with substance abuse and/or anxiety disorders a high-risk study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 39 711-720... 

Warner V, Mufson L, Weissman MM (1995b) Offspring at high and low risk for depression and anxiety mechanisms of psychiatric disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry... 

A recurrently raised problem for the referring workers (whether drug workers or health visitors) was that in transferring the case to social work, there was the possibility of a different interpretation of how best to respond to the case. Most commonly for drug workers was uneasiness over a narrow focus on a child protection agenda. There was the expressed anxiety that the response might be overly coercive ... 

Numerous studies found that childhood sexual, physical, and emotional abuse also predisposes victims of such abuse to the development of depression in adulthood (e.g., McCauley et ah, 1997). The risk for depression increases with early onset and severity of the abuse as well as with the experience of multiple types of abuse. In addition, child abuse is related to an array of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder and PTSD (e.g., Kendler et ah, 2000). Other disorders related to childhood abuse include substance abuse, eating disorders, dissociation, and so-... 

Adverse early environmental stress has also been investigated in human populations. Observations of the effects of early childhood experience of environmental adversity have led investigators to propose a stress vulnerability mediated by changes in stress-responsive CRF systems implicated in both mood and anxiety disorders (Heim and Nemeroff, 1999). Granger et al. (1996) measured children s adrenocortical reactions to a conflict-oriented mother-child interaction task and found that children s pretask cortisol scores were negatively associated with anxiety symptoms. 

Capps, L., Sigman, M., Capps, L., Sigman, M., Sena, R., Henker, B., and Whalen, C. (1996) Fear, anxiety and perceived control in children of agoraphobic parents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37 445 52. 

Sallee, F.R., Richman, H., Sallee, F.R., Richman, H., Sethuraman, G. Dougherty, D., Sine, L., and Attman-Hamandzic, S. (1998) Clon-idine challenge in childhood anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37 655—662. 

Schwartz, C.E., Snidman, N., Schwartz, C.E., Snidman, N., and Kagan, J. (1999) Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38 1008-1015. 

Bernstein, G.A., Borchardt, C.M., and Perwien, A.R. (1996) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents a review of the past 10 years./ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 35 1110-1119. 

Birmaher B., Waterman GS, Ryan N, Cully M, Balach L, Ingram J, Brodsky M. Fluoxetine for childhood anxiety disorders. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33 993-999. 

Klein, R.G., Koplewicz, H.S., and Kanner, A. (1992) Imipramine treatment of children with separation anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 21—28. 

There are no current data supporting the use of reboxetine in the child and adolescent population. ITowever, given its noradrenergic profile, it may be useful for ADHD and perhaps for depression, and anxiety. 

Clinicians should be aware that many of their patients may be taking alternative treatments either via self-care or prescribed by CAM practitioners. Inquiring about this should be routine because of potential side effects and drug interactions. A working knowledge of CAM treatments will allow child psychiatrists to give parents and patients advice about safety and effectiveness. Use of St. John s wort in children with unipolar depression may at times be appropriate, particularly in cases where more standard treatments are contraindicated or have failed. However, it should be used cautiously and with an appropriate explanation of its risks and benefits, as a competent clinician would do for any treatment. Use of St. John s wort for other conditions is not currently recommended given the lack of evidence for efficacy. Kava extracts may be used for anxiety, with similar provisos. There are much fewer data about the efficacy and safety of other dietary supplements and their use cannot be supported at this point. 

Thought content. Patterns in a child s thinking may include suicidality, homicidality, paranoia, delusions, preoccupations, anxieties, and themes emerging from a disorganized thinking pattern. 

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