Chemokine major histocompatibility complex

Homo sapiens (compared to Drosophila melanogaster) Large-scale gene duplications with substantial expansion of genes involved in acquired immune response (B cells, T cells, major histocompatibility complex genes, cytokines, chemokines and their receptors), plasma proteases (complement and hemostatic proteins), proteins associated with apoptotic regulation and proteins related to neuronal network formation and electrical coupling... 

Ironically, SE or TSST-1 concentrations that cause T-cell proliferation do not always correlate with receptor affinity. For instance, SEE binds HLA-DR with 100-fold lower affinity relative to the very similarly structured SEA however, SEE stimulates T-cell proliferation to equivalent levels as SEA. The dose-response curves for cytokine and chemokine production in vitro by staphylococcal superantigen-stimulated cells are also very similar despite differences in affmity/specificity for major histocompatibility complex class II and T-cell receptor V/3 molecules. Overall, these observations suggest that the biological effects of staphylococcal superantigens are induced at rather low, nonsaturating occupancy rates not readily classified by typical biokinetics. 

Cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-y, favour the secretion of numerous chemokines and the expression of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells. The mechanisms of action of the principle drugs used in MS, and in priority beta interferons, are the following (1) inhibition of the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, (2) inhibition of metal-loproteases, (3) induction of immunosuppressor cytokines. 

Imai Y, Ibata I, Ito D, Ohsawa K, Kohsaka S (1996) A novel gene ibal in the major histocompatibility complex class III region encoding an EF hand protein expressed in a monocytic lineage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 224 855-862 Imitola J, Raddassi K, Park KI, Mueller FJ, Nieto M, Teng YD, Frenkel D, Li J, Sidman RL, Walsh CA, Snyder EY, Khoury SJ (2004) Directed migration of neural stem cells to sites of CN S injury by the stromal cell-derived factor lalpha/CXC chemokine receptor 4 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 18117-18122... 

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