Chemistry emergence

C. Levinthal, CD. Barrv et al.. Computer Graphics in Macromolecular Chemistry. Emerging Concepts in Computer Graphics, D. Secrest, J. Kievergelt (Eds.). W.A. Benjamin, Kew York, pp. 213-253. 

Chemistry as it was realized substantially derives from the interae-tion of electrons. The electronic theory of chemistry, particularly of organic chemistry, emerged, explaining the great richness of chemical observations and transformation, as expressed by Ingold, Robinson, Hammett, and many others following in their footsteps. 

When supramolecular chemistry emerged at the forefront of science, it embodied colloid chemistry as one of its facets. A semantic boundary exists between supramolecular chemistry and colloids, as the former involves design logistics a priori in addition to preselected synthetic strategies. The simplest kind of colloidal... 

The historical, social, and intellectual elements of disciplinary identity for physical chemistry were well laid out in Europe, Great Britain, and the United States by the 1920s, and a new hybrid discipline of physical organic chemistry emerged in turn. However, more so than in some other scientific fields at this time, physical chemists often were to experience varieties of identity crisis. Were they physicists, or were they chemists What was the difference between physics and chemistry This is a question to which we return in the concluding chapters of this book. 

When sulfur functional groups and heteroaromatics are combined, an entirely new field of chemistry emerges. Pharmacological uses have expanded for example, introduction of a sulfur atom into nitrogen hetero-... 

These adsorbate-catalyst complexes are optimized, their NMR spectra are calculated, and the results are compared to experiment. If significant disagreement is found, the structures are modified and the procedure is repeated until a clear interpretation of the chemistry emerges. 

All sorts of asymptotic states together with the one-I-frame system quantum states cover all possibilities meaning is that all thinkable processes can be described as changes of quantum states using as base states simple products, and I-frame base states provided the total number of material elements are conserved. Basically, a sort of abstract quantum chemistry emerges if base states can be related to those characterizing chemical species. 

We have seen that as chemistry emerged from its early alchemical start, theory and graphics were simple. They explained the existing data but, as new facts became known, they had to be modified and expanded. Several early attempts to present comprehensive explanations of all phenomena fell far short of expectations. Before long, chemists, being trained in classical chemistry," found it most difficult to think in original theoreti-... 

Assuming the canonical view that chemistry emerged as a theoretical science only with Lavoisier s theory of combustion, Gillispie looked for an influence of that theory on Leblanc and also found nothing. That he did not look for an application of a scientific discovery made fifty years earlier by a chemist in the Academy of Sciences reflects the scant attention that historians of science have paid to the investigative activity of early eighteenth century chemistry.26... 

The lack of a central theory or school of alchemy in Europe and the desire of many alchemists to avoid the charge of sorcery by making alchemy less magical contributed to a change in the objectives and style of study. Although alchemy should not be seen as simply a precursor to chemistry, it was in Europe that chemistry emerged as the experimental and material-based study of matter. Questions explored by the alchemists could not be resolved without transforming the study of matter, particularly the elements, from a process that depended on esoteric (hidden) or supernatural forces to one based on natural causes. In a sense, the alchemists researched themselves out of existence, since the theoretical foundation of alchemy was based on transmutation,... 

Further breakthroughs in the area of synthetic chemistry emerged with the development of organic synthesis on solid phase.223-226 As a consequence, the past decade has witnessed dramatic improvements in the area of solid phase-supported oligosaccharide synthesis.202,227-230 Polymer-supported synthesis is a very attractive techniques as it allows for rapid synthesis of oligosaccharide sequences without the... 

Two interrelated and important aspects of secondary school chemistry emerged from the interviews and questionnaires. 

Ironically, philosophy of chemistry emerged at a time when scientific activities increasingly transcended disciplinary boundaries toward problem-orientated research. From environmental science to nanotechnology (Schummer 2004c), chemists are... 

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