Anthocyanins chemistry

Giusti, M.M. and Wrolstad, R.E., Characterization and measurement of anthocyanins by UV-visible spectroscopy, in Handbook of Food Analytical Chemistry Pigments, Colorants, Flavors, Texture, and Bioactive Food Components, Wrolstad, R.E. et al., Eds., John Wiley Sons, New York, 2005, 19. 

Brouillard, R. and Delaporte, B., Chemistry of anthocyanin pigments. 2. Kinetic and thermodynamic study of proton-transfer, hydration, and tautomeric reactions of mal-vidin-3-glucoside, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 8461, 1977. 

BronUlard, R., The chemistry of anthocyanin pigments. 7. Origin of the exceptional color stability of the zebrina anthocyanin. Phytochemistry, 20, 143, 1981. 

Jurd, L., Some advances in the chemistry of anthocyanins-type plant pigments, in The Chemistry of Plant Pigments, Chichester, C.O., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1972, 123. 

The molecular basis of indicator color changes. F. A. Senese, Department of Chemistry, Frostburg State University, http //antoine.fsu.umd.edu/chem/senese/101/features/ water2wine.shtml anthocyanin... 

Anderson OM and Jordheim M. 2006. The anthocyanins. In Anderson OM, Markham KR, editors. Flavonoids Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press/Taylor Francis Group, pp. 472—551. 

Andersen, 0.M. and Fossen, T., Characterization of anthocyanins by NMR, in Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry, Wrolstad, R.E., Ed., John Wiley, New York, 1, 2003. 

Honda, T. and Saito, N., Recent progress in the chemistry of polyacylated anthocyanins as flower color pigments. Heterocycles, 56, 633, 2002. 

The PAs, or condensed tannins, are polymers synthesized from flavan-3-ol monomer units. The phlobaphenes are 3-deoxy-PAs formed from flavan-4-ol monomers. The biosynthesis of both types of PAs follows the biosynthetic route of anthocyanins from chalcones through to the branch points to flavan-3-ol and flavan-4-ol formation. In this section, the specific enzymes forming the monomers are discussed, along with a discussion on the polymerization process. Although the chemistry of tannins is described in detail elsewhere in this book, it is useful to briefly mention the nature of the monomer subunit types and the polymer forms. 

Rivas-Gonzalo, J.C., Analysis of anthocyanins, in Methods in Polyphenol Analysis, Santos-Buelga, C. and Williamson, G., Eds., Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2003, 228. 

Jorgensen, E.C. and Geissman, T.A. 1955. The chemistry of flower pigmentation in Antirrhinum majus color genotypes. 111. Relative anthocyanin and aurone concentrations. Biochem. Biophys. 55 389-402. 

Timberlake, C.F 1980. Anthocyanins [related to beverages]—occurrence, extraction and chemistry [coloring material]. Food Chem. 5 69-80. 

As part of the series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry, this volume titled Bioactive Heterocycles II presents comprehensive and up-to-date reviews on selected topics concerning flavonoids and anthocyanins in plants, and heterocycles such as bioactive phenothiazines, phenoxazines, and related compounds. The volume is separated into two sections mainly concentrating on these two topics. 

Anthocyanins (anthocyanins) anthocyanin studies by Sir Robert Robinson (UK, Nobel Prize, 1947, Chemistry, alkaloids) Widespread e.g. Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) (wine) anthocyanins studied by Richard Willstatter (Nobel Prize, Chemistry, 1915, plant pigments chlorophyll fled Nazis) AO/FRS... 

Since the appearance of the first edition the publications of greatest value on the subject of anthocyanin pigments have been in connection with the chemistry and biochemistry of these substances. This later work has now been included, and the present state of our knowledge of the significance of the pigments in relation to plant metabolism has, as far as possible, been indicated.47... 

Anthocyanins are water-soluble plant pigments responsible for the blue, purple, and red color of many plant tissues. The analysis of anthocyanins has become particularly important because of the numerous studies dealing with their potential health effects (Chen et al., 2009 Galvano et al., 2009 Varadinova et al., 2009 Woodward et al., 2009 de Pascual-Teresa et al., 2010 Knaup et al., 2009 Kokotkiewicz et al., 2010 Krikorian et al., 2010 Takikawa et al., 2010). However, the many different structures of anthocyanins and their complex chemistry have provided challenges in their analysis. 

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