Chemicals clinical presentation

Canine MPS I was discovered in a Plott hound that presented with corneal clouding [10]. Studies by Shull and Neufeld showed that the dogs were deficient in a-l-iduronidase [11], Being null, MPS I dogs are genetically similar to the most severe form of MPS I in humans, but clinically they more closely resemble moderately affected patients. These animals provide a valuable bio-chemical/clinical model for MPS I disease. Since they have no confounding residual enzyme activity, they accumulate GAGs in relevant tissues, and their clinical phenotype closely resembles the human disease. 

Ballantyne, B., Salem, H. (2008). Cyanides toxicology, clinical presentation, and medical management. In Chemical Warfare Agents Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, 2nd edition (J.A. Romano, Jr., B.J. Lukey, H. Salem, eds), pp. 313-32. CRC Press/Taylor Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton. 

Azizi, M.D., Amid, M.H. (1990). Clinical presentation of chemical warfare injuries in children and teenagers. Med. J. Islamic Rep. Iran 4 103-8. 

Poor water solubility of drugs and new chemical entities presents major challenges in the development of clinically useful formulations. Of the various approaches used for enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble drugs, polymeric delivery systems have been used effectively. Paclitaxel has been used as a model hydrophobic drug to show the effectiveness of solubility-enhancing properties of various polymeric delivery systems. Recently, hydrotropic polymers were developed based... 

Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number CAS 93384-43-1. Botulinum toxins comprise a series of seven related protein neurotoxins that prevent fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane and thus prevent release of acetylcholine. Exposure in a battlefield or terrorist setting would most likely be to inhaled aerosolized toxin. The clinical presentation is that of classical botulism, with descending skeletal muscle weakness (with an intact sensorium) progressing to respiratory paralysis. A toxoid vaccine is available for prophylaxis, and a pentavalent toxoid can be used following exposure its effectiveness wanes rapidly, however, after the end of the clinically asymptomatic latent period. Because treatment is supportive and intensive (involving long-term ventilatory support), the use of botulinum toxin has the potential to overwhelm medical resources especially at forward echelons of care. 

The function of clinical chemistry in toxicology (as well as in human and veterinary medicine) is to provide, via laboratory analysis, evaluations of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of specific endogenous chemical components present in samples of blood, urine, feces, spinal fluid, and tissues. The purpose is to help identify abnormal or pathological changes in organ system functions. The most common specimens used in clinical chemistry are blood and urine, and many different tests exist to test for almost any type of chemical component in blood or urine for example, blood glucose, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, lipids (fats), other metabolic substances, and proteins. The tests used were all initially applied to human clinical medicine, and may not possess the same utility when performed as part of nonclinical toxicity studies in a wide variety of other species. 

Many health care providers are unfamiliar with clinical presentations due to historically rare chemical exposures... 

The gastric proton-pump inhibitors currently available (Fig. 3.10) all retain the same key chemical features present in omeprazole, indicating that the structural requirements to achieve irreversible inhibition of the gastric ATPase enzyme are precisely defined. The clinical properties of this latter group of drugs is discussed more fully in section 9.6, whereas the remainder of this section focuses on other candidates currently or previously under de-... 

Sterols are derivatives of steroid. As discussed in chapter on saponins some chemical constituents present in plant flora resemble with steroids. Modem clinical studies have supported their role as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. P-sitosterol has significant hypolipidemic activity. 

LAX, M.B. HENNEBERGER, P.K. (1995) Patients with multiple chemical sensitivities in an occupational health clinic presentation and follow-up. Archives of Environmental Health, 50, 425431. 

Kreutzer R, Neutra RR, Lashuay N Prevalence of people reporting sensitivities to chemicals in a population-based survey. Am J Epidemiol 150 1-12,1999 Kurt TL Multiple chemical sensitivities—a syndrome of pseudotoxicity manifest as exposure perceived symptoms. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 33 101-105, 1995 Kutsogiannis DJ, Davidoff AL A multiple center study of multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome. Arch Environ Health 56 196-207, 2001 Lax MB, Henneberger PK Patients with multiple chemical sensitivities in an occupational health clinic presentation and follow-up. Arch Environ Health 50 425-431, 1995... 

Regardless of their subclassification, all of these compounds have the identical mechanism of action, which is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at nerve junctions where the molecule acetylcholine is the neuotransmitter. Most acute signs of toxicity are expressed as uncontrollable activity of the nervous system, which clinically is presented as salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, and dyspnea. After lethal doses, death results from failure of the respiratory system. Variations in the specific nerves affected, in how the body metabolizes the individual chemical, in where the chemical enters the body, and in the route of administration employed will change the specific clinical presentation seen for an individual exposure scenario. 

---