Chemical warfare agents, environmental

Applications GC-IMS is applied only in a few laboratories. Most applications have been directed toward environmental analyses. GC-IMS is used in niche areas, such as high-speed air-quality monitoring (on board space stations) and detecting chemical warfare agents. Snyder et al. [319] have described a hyphenated field-portable hand-held GC-IMS device, which was applied to the separation of phosphate (TMP, TEP)/phosphonate (DMMP, DEMP, DIMP, DEEP) mixtures. A mixture of four phosphonate analytes can be successfully resolved with a small GC-IMS device in under 8 s. 

Tomes JA, Opstad AM, Johnsen BA. 1991. Use of solid-phase extraction in determination of chemical warfare agents. Part IE Determination of chemical warfare agents in samples from a battlefield environment. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 44(4) 227-232. 

Brinkley et al. demonstrated89 a simple to use, easy to interpret, low cost, and environmentally friendly colorimetric detector of the chemical warfare agent - mustard gas (HD, l,l-thiobis(2-chloroethane)). An optically transparent xerogel encapsulating Cu(II) acetate was fabricated to detect HD analogues and can serve as the optical sensor based on metal-ligand charge-transfer mechanism. 

Munro, N.B., S.S. Talmage, G.D. Griffin, L.C. Waters, A.P. Watson, J.F. King, and V. Hauschild. The Sources, Fate and Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation Products." Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1999) 933-974. 

Military Activities Syndrome Environmental destruction through war and military action Loss of biodiversity due to chemical warfare agents, permanent soil degradation due to mining, contamination caused by fuels and explosives, health hazards, greater flows of refugees... 

The properties of an ideal mass analyzer are well described, [2] but despite the tremendous improvements made, still no mass analyzer is perfect. To reach a deeper insight into the evolution of mass spectrometers the articles by Beynon, [3] Habfast and Aulinger, [4,5] Brunnee [6,7], Chapman et al. [8] and McLuckey [9] are recommended for further reading. In recent years, miniature mass analyzers have gained interest for in situ analysis, [10] e.g., in environmental [11] or biochemical applications, [12] for process monitoring, for detection of chemical warfare agents, for extraterrestrial applications, [13] and to improve Space Shuttle safety prior to launch. [14]... 

Another important technology in the national security and homeland defense arena is ion trap secondary ion mass spectrometry. Many chemical warfare agents are not volatile and tend to condense on particle surfaces. Research at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratories has used this technology to analyze mustard agent on the surface of soil particles down to a surface coverage of 0.07 monolayers. 

Toxic hazards never seem as acute as other hazards in the ordnance industries, and the prevailing habits of cleanliness and orderliness go a long way toward their amelioration. The current emphasis on the maintenance of environmental standards have placed additional requirements on the control of effluent gas and liq process streams. The care now being exercised is evidenced by new analytical techniques for the detection of trace contaminants such as the presence of TNT and other aromatic nitrates in the soli and in the ground w (Ref 43), New techniques of detoxification have been developed using microwave plasma oxidation of aromatic compds, heavy metal compns and chemical warfare agents (Refs 65 81)... 

Munro, N.B., K.R. Ambrose, and A.P. Watson. 1994. Toxidty of the orga-nophosphate chemical warfare agents GA, GB, and VX Implications for public protection. Environmental Health Perspectives 102(1) 18-77. 

U.S. Army. 1999a. Derivation of Health-Based Environmental Screening Levels for Chemical Warfare Agents A Technical Evaluation. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. 

W.R. Creasy, A.A. Rodrigues, J.R. Stuff and R.W. Warren, Atomic emission detection for the quantitation of trimethylsilyl derivatives of chemical-warfare-agent related compounds in environmental samples, J. Chromatogr. A, 709, 333-344 (1995). 

J. Enqvist (Ed.), Trace Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents, C.l An Approach to the Environmental Monitoring of Nerve Agents, The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, 1981. 

Mesilaakso, M., Application of NMR spectroscopy to environmental analysis detection of trace amounts of chemical warfare agents and related compounds in organic extract, water, and sand, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 518-522 (1997). 

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Acetylcholinesterase British Anti-Lewisite Carboxylesterase Central Nervous System Chemical Warfare Agent 2-chlorovinylarsonous Acid Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Environmental Protection Agency... 

A common theme throughout this volume involves the adsorption and interfacial, especially biointerfacial, behaviour of all of the above mentioned nanomaterials. For environmental and human protection, the adsorption of heavy metal ions, toxins, pollutants, drugs, chemical warfare agents, narcotics, etc. is often desirable. A healthy mix of experimental and theoretical approaches to address these problems is described in various contributions. In other cases the application of materials, particularly for biomedical applications, requires a surface rendered inactive to adsorption for long term biocompatibility. Adsorption, surface chemistry, and particle size also plays an important role in the toxicological behaviour of nanoparticles, a cause for concern in the application of nanomaterials. Each one of these issues is addressed in one or more contributions in this volume. 

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