SEARCH Articles Figures Tables Chemical thermodynamics Chemical thermodynamics of the lanthanides Skill 13.2 Analyzing how the laws of thermodynamics apply to chemical systems The Basic Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions and Its Convenient Formulations The Direction of Change in Chemical Reactions Thermodynamic Explanation The Fundamental Thermodynamic Criterion of Phase and Chemical Equilibrium The Thermodynamic Basis of Chemical Equilibrium Thermodynamics Entropy, Free Energy, and the Direction of Chemical Reactions Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances