Chemical structure, electronic properties

Senesi and Testini [147,156] and Senesi et al. [150,153] showed by ESR the interaction of HA from different sources with a number of substituted urea herbicides by electron donor-acceptor processes involves organic free radicals which lead to the formation of charge-transfer complexes. The chemical structures and properties of the substituted urea herbicides influence the extent of formation of electron donor-acceptor systems with HA. Substituted ureas are, in fact, expected to act as electron donors from the nitrogen (or oxygen) atoms to electron acceptor sites on quinone or similar units in HA molecules. 

One possible conclusion is that under reducing conditions, metal cation movement occurs. Another possible conclusion is that despite the similar surface layer composition of bismuth and molybdenum for the three phases of bismuth molybdate, the three bismuth molybdate phases possess different catalytic activities, catalytic selectivities, adsorption properties, surface oxomolybdenum species, and reducibilities because the surface properties of the active bismuth molybdates are dependent upon the foundation upon which they exist, i.e., upon the bulk structure and its chemical and electronic properties. 

In the last chapter, Strehblow provides a review of experimental methodology and theoretical concepts of passivation and passivity of metals. The topics of emphasis include growth and composition of passive layers, their structure and electronic properties, and their breakdown. Current accomplishments are discussed in detail for a selected number of key metal and alloy systems. Summarized in some detail are the most important analytical methods for elucidation of chemical composition, electronic properties and structure of passive layers. It is shown for many systems that the application of multiple combinations of electrochemical and spectroscopic methods provide many insights and confidence in the interpretation of the passive behavior of metals. 

ZnO films can provide substantial information on chemical and electronic properties of ZnO surfaces and interfaces, which occur in real thin film solar cell structures. In addition, general information on the interface formation of oxide materials can be extracted. In the following we describe ... 

Interest in carbon nanotubes has grown at a very rapid rate because of their many exceptional properties, which span the spectrum from mechanical and chemical robustness to novel electronic transport properties. The field is reviewed and several of the important directions, including their chemical structure, electronic structure, transport properties, electronic, elastic and field emission properties are summarized. 

In this chapter, I have attempted to give an overview of the field of polyyne-type materials. End-capped oligoynes supply fundamental properties about polyyne chains e.g. chemical reactivity, electronic properties, structural information, and so on. Certain characteristics of each oligoyne lead to... 

Investigations of molecular redox films are of fundamental importance to numerous technologies. Scanning probe microscopy, in combination with electrochemistry, is uniquely suited to provide invaluable information concerning the potential-dependent structural, chemical, and electronic properties on these systems. 

Polyolefins, especially polyethylene and polypropylene, are used in a wide range of applications, since they incorporate an excellent combination of mechanical, chemical and electronic properties and processibility. Nevertheless, deficiencies, such as the lack of reactive groups in the polymer structure, have limited some of their end uses, particularly those in which adhesion, dyeability, paintability, printability or compatibility with other functional polymers is paramount. Accordingly, the chemical modification of polyolefins has been an area of increasing interest as a route to higher value products and various methods of functionalization (1-3) have been employed to alter their chemical and physical properties. 

Mixed oxide systems of well-defined ABO3 structure (perovskites), although not exclusively, are more stable in the presence of such compoimds and appeared as a reasonable alternative. Based on this, the aim of this chapter is to highlight and compare selected examples of perovskites and related oxides in total oxidation of heavy hydrocarbons and aromatics and their halogenated derivatives. The perovskite structure encompasses a wide array of materials with differing physical, chemical, and electronic properties. 

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