Chemical reactions in aqueous solution

Which factor does not affect the rate of a chemical reaction in aqueous solution ... 

Enzymes are the best catalysts known. They catalyse chemical reactions in aqueous solution near neutral pH and at mild temperatures with attainment of great velocities. Although suitable standards... 

Table 1-1 a Reaction rate coefficients for some chemical reactions in aqueous solutions... 

Chemical reactions in aqueous solutions (including the chemistry of life processes) very often depend on the concentration of hydrogen ion in the solution. As we shall see, we may deal with hvdrogen-ion concentrations varying from greater than 1 M to less than 10- [Pg.340]

Because water dissociates to such a small extent, the concentration of undissociated water is high and does not vary significantly for chemical reactions in aqueous solution. Therefore, the denominator in this equation is effectively constant, with a value of 55.5. The constant Kw for the dissociation of water is redefined by the expression... 

Recognizing the importance of the electron in the radiation chemical reactions in aqueous solutions led Weiss (70) to propose a new explanation for the presence of H atoms in the acidic ices at 77 ° K. In the case of aqueous solutions at room temperature it had been shown (4), that under acidic conditions the electrons are converted to H atoms according to ... 

As an example of a set of chemical reactions in aqueous solution that are of biochemical interest, consider the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate in the neighborhood of pH 7. The... 

The rate of a chemical reaction in aqueous solution typically is assumed to depend in some way on the composition of the solution. As an example, consider the following overall reaction to form a neutral sulfate complex with a bivalent metal cation as the central group ... 

In this chapter we examine some types of chemical reactions. Millions of reactions are known, so it is useful to group them into classes, or types, so that we can deal systematically with these massive amounts of information. We will describe how some compounds behave in aqueous solution, including how well their solutions conduct electricity and whether or not the compounds dissolve in water. We introduce several ways to represent chemical reactions in aqueous solution—formula unit equations, total ionic equations, and net ionic equations—and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. 

Net ionic equations allow us to focus on the essence of a chemical reaction in aqueous solutions. On the other hand, if we are dealing with stoichiometric calculations we frequently must deal with formula weights and therefore with the complete formulas of all species. In such cases, formula unit equations are more useful. Total ionic equations provide the bridge between the two. 

Schmidt. K. H., Electrical conductivity techniques for studying the kinetics of radiation induced chemical reactions in aqueous solutions. Int. I. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 4, 439 (1972). 

The solubility of oxides and hydroxides can be estimated using equilibrium constants for the dissolution of hydroxides and oxides and chemical reactions in aqueous solutions listed in Table 1.2. 

Many chemical reactions in aqueous solution involve ionic compounds. Only some of the ions in solution take part in these reactions. 

Our current research centers on the development of a computational approach to model chemical reactions in aqueous solution, which has been a long-standing and almost formidable challenge within the realm of empirical models. The important step toward this goal is to build effective potential for water that can allow for autoionization and intermolecular proton and hydroxyl transfer. In addition, the ability to model water dissociation, both homolytically and heterolytically, can provide all the necessary reaction pathways under different conditions. 

A net ionic equation is an equation that includes only the actual participants in a reaction, with each participant denoted by the symbol or formula that best represents it. Symbols are written for individual ions, such as Ag" (aq), and whole formulas are written for insoluble solids, such as Agl(s). Because net ionic equations include electrically charged species—ions—a net ionic equation must be balanced both for the numbers of atoms of all types and for electric charge. The same net electric charge must appear on both sides of the equation. Throughout the remainder of this chapter, we will represent most chemical reactions in aqueous solution by net ionic equations. 

Many chemical reactions in aqueous solution are best thought of as reactions between ions and best represented by net ionic equations. Consider the neutralization of a strong acid by a strong base. Using the enthalpy of neutralization that we obtained in Example 7-4, we can write... 

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