Chemical Production from Carbon Dioxide

2 Production Using Carbon Dioxide 9.2.1 Chemical Production from Carbon Dioxide 

Gaseous phase reactions of carbon dioxide Examples of gaseous phase reactions of carbon dioxide are methane production in Sabatier s reaction and syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) production in tri-reforming reaction, shown in Elquations 9.1 and 9.2, respectively  

The temperature and pressure conditions of Sabatier s reaction are 300°C and 2 bar. Complete conversion of carbon dioxide can be achieved in the presence of hydrogen-rich feed gas. 

The tri-reforming reaction occurs when methane gas is reacted with a gas mixture containing carbon dioxide, steam and oxygen. Ng et al. investigated the tri-reforming process fed with CH, CO, H O and with a molar ratio of 1 0.475 0.475 0.1, operating at 1 bar and 850°C (Ng et al. 2013). In their study, the product gas contains to CO at a molar ratio of 1.68. The reactions are shown in Equation 9.2. The overall reaction performance is endothermic as expected from the reforming reaction  

Carbon dioxide in metabolic products Succinic acid can be produced from glucose, as shown in Equation 9.4  

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Fig. 16 Energy consumed in the production of major chemicals and potential energy savings through improved catalysts for potential products from carbon dioxide (trillion BTUs). (From Ref. l)...

Ethylene (as well as propylene) produced from carbon dioxide subsequently allows ready preparation of the whole array of hydrocarbons, as well as their derivatives and products that have become essential to our everyday life. Whereas the nineteenth century relied mostly on coal for energy as well as derived chemical products, the twentieth century greatly supplemented this with petroleum and nat-... 

Fire Hazards - Flash Point (deg. F) 2Q OC Flammable Limits in Air (%) 1.5 - 18.3 Fire Extinguishing Agents Dry chemical, alcohol foam, carbon dioxide Fire Extinguishing Agents Not To Be Used Water may be ineffective Special Hazards of Combustion Products No data Behavior in Fire Containers may explode in fires. Apply water to cool containers from a safe distance Ignition Temperature (deg. F) 959 Electrical Hazard No data Burning Rate No data. 

The term fermentation was obtained from the Latin verb fervere which describes the action of yeast or malt on sugar or fruit extracts and grain. The boiling is due to the production of carbon dioxide bubbles from the aqueous phase under the anaerobic catabolism of carbohydrates in the fermentation media. The art of fermentation is defined as the chemical transformation of organic compounds with the aid of enzymes. The ability of yeast to make alcohol was known to the Babylonians and Sumerians before 6000 bc. The Egyptians discovered the generation of carbon dioxide by brewer s yeast in the preparation... 

In 1969 Air Products Chemicals began delivering carbon dioxide and hydrogen to customers in the Houston area via pipeline. There was also talk of shipping methanol by pipeline. A 273-mile pipeline was also opened in 1969 to convey 660 tons/hr of slurried coal from Kayenta, Arizona, to a power plant in southern Nevada. A previous coal pipeline in Ohio closed down in the mid-1960s because it proved to be uneconomical when the railroads reduced their rates.5... 

Fig. 15.17. Current in milliamperes cm-2 for CO production from C02 using C02+ tetraphenyl porphyrins modified with various pyridyl derivatives. (Reprinted with permission from T. Atoguchi, A. Aramata, and M. Engo, C02 Reduction by Macrocyclic Transition Metal Complex-Modified Electrodes," in Proc. International Symposium on Chemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide, p. 338, Fig. 5,1991.)...

A method of chemically synthesizing reduced products including methanol from carbon dioxide and hydrogen has been developed. The method utilizes a metal hydride foil membrane as a continuous source of reactive surface hydrogen atoms and an electrostatic field to enhance the adsorption of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate onto the hydrogen rich surface. The subsequent chemical(rather than electrochemical) reaction between the adsorbed carbon dioxide and surface hydrogen/metal hydride results in the formation of reduced products. 

Shock-compressed carbon dioxide exhibits a strong slope change in the Hugoniot (recall Fig. 1), a clear indication of chemical reaction, at around 40 GPa and estimated temperature of 4500 K [1]. The previous theoretical calculation has confirmed that it is indeed due to chemical dissociation of carbon dioxide to elementary products such as diamond and oxygen. In recent diamond-anvil cell experiments [74], the similar dissociative products, lonstaleite diamond and oxygen have also been observed from the quenched products after laser-heating of CO2 samples at 67 GPa. The transition temperatures were estimated to be about 2500 K at 35 GPa, substantially lower than the estimated shock transition temperature 4500 K. 

Lovley DR, Nevin KP. Electrobiocommodities powering microbial production of fuels and commodity chemicals from carbon dioxide with electricity. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013 24(3) 385-390. 

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