Chemical industry history

Batch Crystallization Batch crystalhzation has been practiced longer than any other form of ciystaUization in both atmospheric tanks, which are either static or agitated, as well as in vacuum or pressure vessels. It is still widely practiced in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry or in those applications where the capacity is veiy small. The integrity of the batch with respect to composition and history can be maintained easily and the inventoiy management is more precise than with continuous processes. Batch ciystalhzers can be left unattended (overnight) if necessary and this is an important advantage for many small producers. 

The worst disaster in the history of the chemical industry occurred in Bhopal, in the state of Madhya Pradesh in central India, on December 3, 1984. A leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) from a chemical plant, where it was used as an intermediate in the manufacture of the insecticide car-baryl, spread beyond the plant boundary and caused the death by poisoning of more than 2,000 people. The official figure was 2,153, but some unofficial estimates were much higher. In addition, about 200,000 people were injured. Most of the dead and injured were living in a shanty town that had grown up next to the plant. 

Case Histories of Accidents in the Chemical Industry, Vol. 3, Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, D.C., 1970, p. 111. 

L. F. Haber, The Chemical Industry during the Nineteenth Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1958, 292 pp. T. K. Derry and T. 1. Williams, A Short History of Chemical Technology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, I960, 782 pp. 

The performance of graphite in seawater, where chlorine is the principal gas evolved, is considerably better than in fresh water where oxygen is produced. Graphite is immune to chlorine and has a long history in the chemical industry in this and similar applications . 

Bergstrom, D. R., Case Histories-Electrical Resistance Probes Control Corrosion in Chemical Industry , Materials Performance, 20, 9, 17-20, September (1981)... 

Although chemistry as an emperical fundamental didpline has a long history, its application in industry gained importance after the introduction of the use of fossil energy sources during the industrial revolution. The chemical industry withdraws non-renewable materials, mainly fossil oil, from the earth s reserves to use as an energy source and as fossil oil a source of raw materials for production processes. The products so produced are rather... 

Microorganisms have been identified and exploited for more than a century. The Babylonians and Sumerians used yeast to prepare alcohol. There is a great history beyond fermentation processes, which explains the applications of microbial processes that resulted in the production of food and beverages. In the mid-nineteenth century, Louis Pasteur understood the role of microorganisms in fermented food, wine, alcohols, beverages, cheese, milk, yoghurt and other dairy products, fuels, and fine chemical industries. He identified many microbial processes and discovered the first principal role of fermentation, which was that microbes required substrate to produce primary and secondary metabolites, and end products. 

Histories of Accidents in the Chemical Industry , MCA Case History No 1460 (1968) (Manufg Chem Assn, Washington) 13) CondChemDict (1971), 689i 14) Anon, Toxic and Hazard-... 

The objective of this chapter is to provide a basis for some understanding of chemistry and the chemical industry. Segments and characteristics of the industry together with important events in chemical history are briefly presented. The language of chemistry is introduced and important chemical terms are defined. 

PARTIAL HISTORY OF POLLUTION AND POLLUTION CONTROL BY THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY... 

Stephen Miall. A History of the British Chemical Industry. London Ernest Benn Ltd., 1931. 

The study of case histories is important in the area of safety. To paraphrase G. Santayana, one learns from history or is doomed to repeat it. This is especially true for safety anyone working in the chemical industry can learn from case histories and avoid hazardous situations or ignore history and be involved in potentially life-threatening accidents. 

Procedures are sometimes incorrectly perceived as bureaucratic regulations that impede progress. When reviewing case histories it is apparent that safety procedures and standard operating procedures are needed to help the chemical industry (1) eliminate injury to personnel, (2) minimize incapacitating damage to facilities, and (3) maintain steady progress. 

Hardie, D. W. F. and Pratt, J. D., A History of the Modem British Chemical Industry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1966, 141. 

See also Fine chemicals industry applications for, 77 423-424 classification of, 77 423 424 history of, 77 423 production of, 77 427—440 research and development related to, 77 425-426... 

Peculiar industrial history and the geographic position of Karabash as a town of rather isolated local industry within the industrially saturated Urals region have made it an object of intensive ecological investigation in the framework of the international project The Assessment of Priorities for Middle Urals Environmental Pollution Prevention . The project was carried our under the aegis of the International Scientific and Technological Center (ISTC). One of the tasks of this project was to find out quantitative indicators of chemical impact of the local industry on the environment. 

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