Chemical Engineering Principles

In designing the process and equipment, use chemical engineering principles to minimize the accumulation of energy or materials and to contain the energy and materials ... 

Refining and applying chemical engineering principles to the design and control of the chemical reactors in which devices are fabricated. 

When you crack open a can of Coca Cola or Pepsi, you are tasting some of the fruits of bioohemioal engineering Most nondiet soft drinks sold in the United States are sweetened with high-fruotose oorn syrup (MFCS), a substitute for the natural sugar that oomes from cane and beets. MFCS, produced by an enzymatic reaction, is an example of the suooessful application of chemical engineering principles to bioohemioal synthesis. So successful, in fact, that more than 1.5 billion of MFCS was sold in the United States last year. 

The record time in which MFCS was developed and brought to high levels of production and sales is a testament to the versatility and power of chemical engineering principles. No new chemical engineering principles had to be discovered to make MFCS a commercial reality. They were waiting to be applied to a biological system. 

In all the foregoing discussion on reverse osmosis transport, system analysis and process design, no new chemical engineering principle Is Involved. But the manner In which the known principles are combined and expressed Is new the kind of results arising from such expressions Is new and the direction such approach sets for future work on the subject Is also new, all of which open a new area of chemical engineering. 

Although the chemical engineering principles are well established, there has been little characterization of the transport-reaction processes in bipha-sic catalysis. Research is needed. 

Chemical engineering principles and boundary-layer theory... 

Electronic materials encompass a wide variety of solids and their applications. Nevertheless, the area that has become synonymous with electronic materials is microelectronics. This situation has arisen because of the rapid and pervasive development and growth of microelectronic devices or integrated circuits (ICs). Although there are literally hundreds of individual steps that compose the manufacture of an IC, essentially each one is a chemical process. Thus, this book emphasizes the fundamental chemical engineering principles involved in the fabrication of ICs. This volume is intended to be a tutorial tool rather than a comprehensive review. Additional details on specific topics can be obtained from the extensive list of references at the end of each chapter. 

This book will concentrate on the chemistry and fundamental chemical engineering principles needed for integrated-circuit (IC) manufacture. Integrated circuits are currently used in consumer items, such as hand-held calculators, digital watches, microwave ovens, and automobiles, and in microprocessors for communication, defense, education, medicine, and space exploration. Naturally, new application areas are continually being developed. 

This volume addresses many of the unit operations listed in List I and depicted in Figure 15. The chemistry and chemical engineering principles behind these operations are described, and future directions and needs are suggested. The final chapter indicates the problems associated with the extreme purity and cleanliness demanded by IC processing. 

Chemical and chemical engineering principles involved in plasma-enhanced etching and deposition are reviewed, modeling approaches to describe and predict plasma behavior are indicated, and specific examples of plasma-enhanced etching and deposition of thin-film materials of interest to the fabrication of microelectronic and optical devices are discussed. 

Although the design of a reactor system for the MTG process involves classical chemical engineering principles, the unique catalyst and reaction mechanisms impose important design constraints. These include the highly exothermic nature of the reaction, the need for essentially complete methanol conversion, steam deactivation of the catalyst, the "band-aging phenomena, and durene formation. 

Initial synthesis of GMC for process development and optimization studies was accomplished on a small laboratory scale with synthetic runs typically yielding 5-15 g of polymer. However, in order to test GMC on a production basis and introduce it into manufacture, scale-up of the synthesis was necessary. The control of molecular properties and composition had to be considerably better than for most commercial polymers. To this end, a pilot plant for the manufacture of GMC was designed, constructed, and used to produce kilogram quantities of polymer. The scale-up of GMC provides an excellent example of how basic chemical engineering principles are employed in microcircuit fabrication, as well as some of the challenges in synthesis, process control, and purification. The major components of the pilot plant are shown in Fig. 6. 

A.Z. Panagiotopoulos, R.C. Reid, in Supercritical Fluids Chemical Engineering Principles and Applications, T.G.Squires and M.E. Paulaitis (eds), ACS Symposium Series 329, American Chemical Society, New York 1987,115-129. 

A primary source of information on all aspects of chemical engineering principles, design, costs, and applications is The Chemical Engineers Handbook published by McGraw-Hill Book Company with R. H. Perry and D. W. Green as editors for the 6th edition as published in 1984. This reference should be in the personal library of all chemical engineers involved in the field. 

A large number of textbooks covering the various aspects of chemical engineering principles and design are available. In addition, many handbooks have been published giving physical properties and other basic data which are very useful to the design engineer. 

It is not within the scope of this book to discuss the chemical engineering principles of PSA, but it is important to note that the application of a zeolite as the working adsorbent does not depend on molecular sieving. In this case, the achievable level of... 

Our plantwide control design procedure (Fig. 3.1) satisfies the two fundamental chemical engineering principles, namely the overall conservation of energy and mass. Additionally, the procedure accounts for nonconserved entities within a plant such as chemical components (produced and consumed) and entropy (produced). In fact, five of the nine steps deal with plantwide control issues that would not be addressed by simply combining the control systems from all of the individual unit operations. 

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