Facultative aerobes

Sharma PK, PL McCarty (1996) Isolation and characterization of a facultatively aerobic bacterium that reduc-tively dehalogenates tetrachloroethene to ciT-dichloroethene. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 761-765. 

Aerobic and facultative aerobic bacteria produce extremely powerful chelating agents to specifically facilitate the uptake of iron, particularly under conditions of iron deficiency. The availability of Fe to microbes plays an important role in infections. These complexing agents are referred to as siderophores (formerly siderochromes). Much of the work in this area has been carried out by Raymond, Neiland and their collaborators.82,83... 

Facultative aerobe. An organism that can use molecular oxygen in its metabolism but that also can live anaerobically. 

Pseudomonas sp. Facultatively aerobic, very common heavy slime producer. Can also initiate active corrosion by consuming oxygen and initiating differential oxygen concentration cells. 

Facultatively aerobics, often found in hot spring microbial mats either surface exposed... 

Denitrification The reduction of nitrates to nitrites and finally to nitrous oxide or even to molecular nitrogen catalyzed by facultative aerobic soil bacteria working under anaerobic conditions. 

It is most likely that the protoeukaryote host and enslaved purple symbiont were both facultative aerobes, able to live under anaerobic or aerobic conditions (Cavalier-Smith 2002b) this makes their coming together easy to understand and fits all we know of the diversity of mitochondrial/hydrogeno-somal properties as well as of the rest of the eukaryotic cell, especially in the basal kingdom Protozoa. Given that most actinobacteria are aerobes, it is... 

First, it is possible that enzymes of aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism found in mitochondrion-related organelles of present-day eukaryotes originated with the a-proteobacterial symbiont that gave rise to mitochondria (Fig. 10.5, top), which could have been a facultative aerobe (e.g. Martin and Muller 1998 and Rotte et al. 2000 provide a biochemical rationale for this view). After the initial symbiotic integration of the mitochondrial ancestor, many endosymbiont genes were transferred to the nucleus, some of which were... 

The general properties of siderophores have been described extensively (2), and up-to-date lists of the individual compounds, their sources from aerobic and facultative aerobic species, and their properties have been published (3,4, 5). (Porphyrin Products, P. O. Box 31, Logan, UT 84321, sell a limited number of siderophores.) The earlier literature on iron assimilation by microbes, including enteric species, may be found elsewhere (6,7). For information on the chemical constitution and physiological role of the outer membrane of enteric bacteria, the reader is referred to Nakae and Nikaido (8). 

Practically all aerobic and facultative aerobic microbial species critically examined for their presence excrete siderophores. The latter have also been called iron transport compounds and siderochromes, but siderophore, first proposed by Lankford (6), is preferred, since it suggests the... 

All the microorganisms listed in Table 6.2.1 are facultative aerobes with... 

Oltmann, L.F., Van der Beek, E.G. and Stouthamer, A.H., 1975. Reduction of inorganic sulfur compounds by facultatively aerobic bacteria. Plant Soil, 43 153—169. 

Facultative aerobe an organism capable of both aerobic and anaerobic growth. 

Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive, facultatively aerobic sporeformer whose spores do not swell the sporangium. These characteristics, along with specific biochemical features, are used to differentiate B. cereus from other species of the genus Bacillus (i.e., B. thuringoemsos and B. anthracis). The organism is widely distributed in nature and in food. It is commonly found in soil, milk, cereals, starches, herbs, spices, and other dried food stuffs. 

The GI tract of poultry is complex. A newly hatched chick will become colonized rapidly with facultative aerobes, but lactobacilli will eventually become the primary organisms present in the crop and small intestine of the chick (Fuller, 1992). Modern poultry production prevents contact of the chick with the parent. Therefore, DFMs have been administered soon after hatching to increase the likelihood of the organisms in the DFM to become a part of the natural microflora of the bird. More research has been done in the area of DFM and inhibition in poultry than in any other species. 

Fig. 7. Redox-titration ourves of the reaction centers in (A) Rb. sphaeroides, (B) Cf. aurantiacus, (C) Rp. viridis and (D) Chromatium. See text for other details. Figure sources (A) Dutton and Jackson (1972) Thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of electron-transfer components in situ in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and Rhodospiriiium rubrum. Eur J Biochem. 39 500 (B) Bruce, Fuiler and Biankenship (1982) Primary photochemistry in the facultatively aerobic green photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Proc Nat Acad, USA. 79 6533 (C) Prince, Leigh and Dutton (1976) Thermodynamic properties ofthe reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. Biochim Blophys Acta. 440 625 (D) Cusanovich, Bartsch and Kamen (1968) Light-induced electron transport In Chromatium. II. Light-induced absorbance changes in Chromatium chromatophores. Biochim Biophys Acta 153 408.

The ability of anaerobic and facultative aerobic bacteria to O-demethylate free ferulic acid and arabinoxylan ester-linked ferulic acid into caffeic acid was investigated. Clostridium methoxybenzovorans (strain SR3) was selected for free ferulic acid consumption and caffeic acid production criteria. To perform the reaction on ferulic acid esterified onto arabinoxylans, sonicated cellular extract of SR3 has been prepared and tested on free and arabinoxylan ester-linked ferulic... 

The objective of this work was to study the demethylation of WEAX ester-linked ferulic acid in order to produce caffeic acid ester-linked onto WEAX, possibly oxidable into quinone and able to link an amino acid of a protein in a second step. To our knowledge, if free ferulic acid can be O-demethylated intact by some microorganisms,10 16 no microbial O-demethylation of linked methoxylated compounds has been reported in the literature. Three anaerobic bacteria (Acetobacterium woodi, Clostridium methoxybenzovorans and Eubac-terium callanderi) and one facultative aerobic bacterium (Enterobacter cloacae) have been chosen in different phylogenetic groups for their ability to O-demethylate free ferulic acid.10-13... 

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