Chemical composition of atmosphere

The papers in this volume were presented at the ACS symposium Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol Source/Air Quality Relationships sponsored by the Divisions of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology and Environmental Chemistry. This combination reflects the interdisciplinary nature of much of this work which draws from such diverse fields as nuclear chemistry, chemical and mechanical engineering, environmental science and engineering, and applied math. 

Duce R. A. and Woodcock A. H. (1971) Dilference in chemical composition of atmospheric sea salt particles produced in the surf zone and on the open sea in Hawaii. Tellus 23,427—435. 

Knowledge of the chemical composition of atmospheric nanoparticles is limited. 

Figure 16. Chemical composition of atmospheric ultrafine particles (Dp = 56-100 nm) measured in four cities in Southern California (a) Fullerton, September-October, 1996 (average mass concentration of 56-100 nm particles = 0.64 pg m ), (b) Diamond Bar, September-November, 1997 (0.55 pg m ), (c) Mira Loma, September-November 1997 (0.58 pg m ), and (d) Riverside, August-November, 1997 (0.91 pg m ). Note that elemental carbon is abbreviated as EC . Adapted from Cass et at (2000). Used by permission of the Royal Society.

Cass GR, Hughes LA, Bhave P, Kleeman MJ, Allen JO, Salmon LG (2000) The chemical composition of atmospheric ultrafine particles. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond A 358 2581-2592 Chameides WL, Stelson AW (1992) Aqueous-phase chemical processes in deliquescent sea-salt aerosols—... 

Granat, L. 1972. On the relation between pH and the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation. Tellus 24 550-60. 

So, regardless of the specific sequence of cycles in microbial evolution itself, it is clear that microbial activity have changed the chemical composition of atmosphere. Though changes in atmospheric composition have been tremendous, especially to the extent of oxygen content from < 0.001% to > 20.9%, they have typically been very gradual. We have to consider periods of a hundred million years or even a billion years when we are discussing evolution of the atmosphere. 

The chemical composition of atmospheric depositions reflects the types and rates of biogeochemical reactions in the troposphere. These chemical compositions change seriously after interactions with humid acids of the soil layer, higherplant metabolites, and soil microbes. Carbon dioxide, the end product of any organic matter decay, is readily soluble in water to yield carbonic acid, the dissociation of which... 

Observations of the chemical composition of atmospheric fallouts (dry precipitation) have been carried out in Tashkent since the 80s of the last century, in accordance wifli standardization procedures worked out at SANIGMI. Chemical analyses of the atmospheric air samples and atmospheric fallouts were made using the methods of atomic adsorption, ion chromatography, photo-colorimetry, etc. 

Assessment of the Role of Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Fallouts (dry precipitation) as an Indicator of Atmospheric Pollution... 

The processes which influence the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation can be investigated using the chemical reactions taking place in atmosphere. It is interesting to follow the possible ways of formation of different compounds in the atmosphere in die selected area in relation to the composition of the emissions of harmful substances into the... 

The effect of emissions on the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation was investigated taking Almalyk town as an example. A lot of industrial objects are located in Almalyk town construction enterprises and chemical plants Almalyk mining and smelting plant. 

The chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation was analyzed by the methods of ion chromatography, atomic adsorption, photo-colorimetry and other techniques, in accordance with documented methodical guidelines (Brimblecombe, 1988 SANIGMI, 1993b Gidrometeoizdat, 1996 Isidorov, 2001). 

When studying the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation it is possible to assess the pollution of the atmosphere, and consequently, to evaluate the ecological conditions of the region. For the evaluation of the present state of the atmosphere for the exemplary cases of Almalyk, Tashkent and Chirchik towns, the composition of emissions, using statistic reports, as well as seasonal dynamics of emissions has been investigated. The data from systematic observations of the atmospheric pollution in these towns (data of observations made at three stationary posts) were generalized. 

Modern bulk analysis methods make possible non-destructive chemical identification, which means that the sample remains intact after the analysis. Such a procedure is provided by electron microprobe or X-ray fluorescence analyses, in which the sample is irradiated by electron beams or X-rays and the elemental composition is determined on the basis of induced characteristic X-ray emissions. These methods have been successfully employed to study both stratospheric (Junge, 1963) and tropospheric (Gillette and Blifford, 1971) aerosol particles. Neutron activation analysis is also widely used to identify the chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter (e.g. Duceef ai, 1966 Rahn etal., 1971) this is also a non-destructive procedure. 

Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles expressed in percentage of the number of particles with radius larger than 0.03 pm (A. Meszaros and Vissy, 1974)... 

Eggleton, A. E. J. (1969). The chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols on Tees-Side and its relation to visibility. Atmos. Environ. 3, 355-372. 

Junge, C. E. (1954). The chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols, I. Measurements at Round Hill Field Station June-July 1963. J. Meteorol. 11, 223-333. 

Kadowaki, S. (1977). Size distribution and chemical composition of atmospheric particulate nitrate in the Nagoya area. Atmos. Environ. 11, 671-695. 

It is rather difficult to give mean values of the composition of atmospheric waters as it varies significantly. However, to illustrate this, Table 3.34 presents some examples of the chemical composition of atmospheric waters... 

Table 3.34. Examples of chemical composition of atmospheric waters (in mg 1 ) [5, 7]...

Table 3.35. Average chemical composition of atmospheric water in northern Europe and in southeastern Australia [8]...

The chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter is quite diverse. Among the constituents of inorganic particulate matter found in polluted atmospheres are salts, oxides, nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, various metals, and radionuclides. In coastal areas, sodium and chlorine get into atmospheric par-... 

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