Chemical agents organophosphorus compounds

Other chemicals evaluated but not yet adopted commercially include organophosphorus compounds, triphenyltin compounds, quaternary ammonium salts, imidazoles, benzimidazoles, carbamates and the precocene anti-juvenile hormones [517]. Although none of the above has found use as an insect-resist agent, several have been used as antimicrobial agents for textiles. 

Organophosphorus compounds are important intermediates in organic synthesis and have been widely used as pharmaceutical [1-6], agricultural [7], and chemical agents [8-14], Recently phosphorus heterocycles [15,16] have received considerable interest... 

Other important series of chemical warfare (CW) agents include fluoride-containing organophosphorus compounds that possess extremely high toxicity (Scheme 6). 

Nerve gases Probably the most widely stocked chemical agents liquid, gas or aerosol toxins belonging to the group of organophosphorus compounds, which are absorbed by the skin or lungs, usually within 20 to 30 minutes. 

The basic experimental studies of the interactions between organophosphorus compounds and metal oxide surfaces have been carried out intensively during the last several years. Metal oxides, such as MgO, AI2O3, FeO, CaO, Ti02 a-Fe203, ZnO, and WO3, are currently under consideration as destructive adsorbents for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents [46, 47], For example, several studies have addressed adsorption of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) (a widely used model compound for the simulation of interactions of phosphate esters with a surface) on the surface of these metal oxides [48-60], In most of these works, the authors have observed that, at first, DMMP is adsorbed molecularly via hydrogen... 

U.A.Th. Brinkman, Verification of nonproduction of chemical warfare agents I. Determination of organophosphorus compounds by microcolumn liquid chromatography with flame photometric or thermionic detection, J. Microcol. Sep., 4, 465-475 (1992). 

R.M. Black and J.M. Harrison, The chemistry of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents, in The Chemistry of Organophosphorus Compounds, Vol. 4, F.R. Hartley (Ed.), John Wiley Sons, Ltd, 781-840, 1996. 

P=0 Thomas and Chittenden (5,38 441 have carried out a thorough series of studies on the identification of organophosphorus compounds. The group frequency tables in these studies enable interpretation of many of the characteristic features in the spectra of nerve agents and related chemicals. Several structure-spectrum relationships give specific information on the molecule. One very valuable relation discovered by Thomas is the dependence of the position of the P=0 bond stretching vibration, vp=0, on the substituents on the phosphorus, represented by n constants ... 

Organophosphorus compounds have agricultural and industrial applications and some are potent chemical warfare agents. Gas-phase reactions in a mass spectrometer are excellent for rapid detection and quantification of such compounds. In the gas phase, phosphonium ions were shown to undergo a Meerwein reaction with thiiranes to form oxathiophospholanium ions (87 and analogs) that undergo collision-induced dissociation (CID) to afford the... 

Nieuwenhuizen and Harteveld [92] have realized a nerve agent dosimeter gas sensor based on the strong interaction between certain metal ions and organophosphorus compounds. In this case, the sensor material contains La(III) 2-bis(carboxymethyl)amino hexadecanoic acid and different factors such as humidity, concentration and layer thickness have been studied and optimized. Using a combination of a metallic complex with a molecular-imprinted polymer, a very sensitive sensor was developed for the detection of soman, a chemical warfare agent (the detection limit was 7 ppt) [93]. The biosensing material is based on a polymer coated onto a fiber-optic probe modified with a luminescent europium detection complex. This complex was... 

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