Characterization of oxide films

Lausmaa, J., Kasemo, B., Matsson, H., and Odelius, H., Multi-technique surface characterizations of oxide films on electropolished and anodically oxidized titanium App. Surf. Sci. 45, 189-200 (1990). 

Hakiki N.E., Structural and photoelectrochemical characterization of oxide films formed... 

Further characterization of oxide films can be done using in-situ techniques, such [27-29] as... 

Liang, J, Hu, L Hao, J (2007), Preparation and characterization of oxide films containing crystalline Ti02 on magnesium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation . Electrochim. Acta, 52, 4836-4840. 

Characterization of Oxide Films for Microchip Embedded Capacitors... 

Li KW, Meng XT, Liang X, Wang H, Yan H (2006) Electrodeposition and characterization of PbSe films on indium tin oxide glass substrates. J Solid State Electrochem 10 48-53... 

Tremiliosi-Eilho G, Jerkiewicz G, Conway BE. 1992. Characterization and significance of the sequence of stages of oxide film formation at platinum generated by strong anodic polarization. Langmuir 8 658-667. 

Hertz JL and Tuller HL. Electrochemical characterization of thin films for a microsolid oxide fuel cell. J. Electroceram. 2004 13 663-668. 

In this study, we have characterized the effects of abrasive properties, primarily particle size, on the Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) of oxide films. Sol-gel silica particles with very narrow size distributions were used for preparing the polishing slurries. The results indicate that as particle size increases, there is a transition in the mechanism of material removal from a surface area based mechanism to an indentation-based mechanism. In addition, the surface morphology of the polished samples was characterized, with the results showing that particles larger than 0.5 im are detrimental to the quality of the Si02 surface. 

Several reviews addressing the polarization behavior, d ion adsorption, competition between Cr adsorption and OH codeposition, oxide film formation, and cr ion discharge, as well as the kinetic aspects of the reaction on various oxide-covered and oxide-free surfaces that have been investigated during the past 15 years, have been published (55/, 333-338). Of these, particular mention should be made of Refs. 555, 335, 336, and 439-441, where the basic aspects of the properties of oxide electrodes and the kinetic aspects of oxide film formation in relation to Cl adsorption and the kinetics of Cr ion discharge were addressed. Mechanistic aspects of chlorine evolution were critically analyzed recently in an excellent article by Trasatti (338). In this article, the focus is primarily on the nature and characterization of the adsorbed intermediates partipatingin the course of CI2 evolution and their role in the electrocatalysis of the chlorine evolution reaction. As with the OER, in aqueous solutions CI2 evolution takes place on an oxidized surface of metals or on bulk oxide films, so that their surface states often have to be considered in treating the electrocatalysis of the reaction. 

Exposed to an unlimited supply of gas phase particles characterized by the applied pressures and temperature, the surface will adapt on time scales set by the kinetic limitations. Already these time scales could be sufficiently long to render corresponding metastable states interesting for applications. In fact, the classic example is a slow thickening of oxide films due to limitations in the diffusion of oxygen atoms from the surface to the oxide-metal interface or in the diffusion of metal atoms from the interface to the surface [37,38]. Directly at the surface a similar bottleneck can be the penetration of oxygen, which... 

Figure 8. Characterization of passivating films (a) adsorbed layer, (b) monomo-lecularfor less) oxide, and (c) three-dimensional oxide...

Boanini, E., Rubini, K., Panzavolta, S., Bigi, A. Chemico-physical characterization of gelatin films modified with oxidized alginate. Acta Biomater. 6, 383-388 (2010)... 

Phosphonated polymers have been proposed for fuel cells with the expectation of being thermally more stable and better retaining water than sulfonic groups [210, 211]. Phosphonated poly(phenylene oxide) [212], poly(4-phenoxy-benzoyl-l,4-phenylene) [213] and polysulfones [214, 215] have been reported. Phosphonated fluoromonomers were polymerized [164]. Characterization of phosphonated films in terms of their proton conductivity has been reported for some of the phosphonated polymers polyphosphazene [216], trifluoropolysty-rene [217], poly(4-phenoxybenzoyl-l,4-phenylene) [218]. Relatively low conductivity values were reported for most of the polymers prepared up to now. The values for polyphosphazene [216] and for perfluorocarbon polymers [219] were quite encouraging. Phosphonated poly(phenylene oxide) [211] was evaluated in fuel cell-tests. 

The concentration profile shown in Figure 3.21 (c) is frequently used to characterize thin oxide films of known fhickness, L2. The concentrations (assumed constant) of the element i are given by Cjox in the oxide and by in the metal substrate. The integration of (3.58) yields the intensity of the signal emitted by the element i of the oxide and of the metal, respectively ... 

Oxide Growth Kinetics and Mechanism. Formation of oxide films by potentiostatic polarization and their characterization by CV enables distinction of various oxide states as a function of the polarization conditions, here Ep, tp and T. This method allows precise determination of the thickness of oxide films with accuracy comparable to the most sensitive surface science techniques 4-7J1-20), CV may be considered the electrochemical analog of temperature programmed desorption, TPD, and one may refer to it as potential programmed desorption, PPD. Theoretical treatment of such determined oxide reduction charge densities by fitting of the data into oxide formation theories leads to derivation of important kinetic parameters of the process as a function of the polarization conditions. The kinetics of electro-oxidation of Rh at the ambient temperature were studied and some representative results are reported in ref 24. The present results are an extension of the previous experiments and they involve temperature dependence studies. 

Rindlav-Westling A, Stading M, Gatenholm P (1998) Structure, barrier and mechanical properties of amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydr Polym 36 217-224 Roessler S, Zimmermann R, Schamweber D, Werner C, Worch H (2002) Characterization of oxide layers on T16A14V and titanium by streaming potential and streaming current measurements. Colloid Surf B 26 387-395... 

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