Longest dimension

For elongated enclosures, vent area should be applied evenly relative to the longest dimension. Length-to-diam-eter should not exceed 3 [27]. 

L3 = longest dimension of the enclosure, ft L/D = length-to-diameter ratio, dimensionless M = molecular weight... 

Globular proteins are compact, are roughly spherical or ovoid in shape, and have axial ratios (the ratio of their shortest to longest dimensions) of not over 3. Most enzymes are globular proteins, whose large internal volume provides ample space in which to construct cavities of the specific shape, charge, and hy-drophobicity or hydrophilicity required to bind substrates and promote catalysis. By contrast, many structural proteins adopt highly extended conformations. These fibrous proteins possess axial ratios of 10 or more. 

It was proposed by Griffith in 1920 that microscopic cracks exist both within and on the surface of all real materials, which are deleterious to the strength of any material that does not possess ductility. The presence of cracks whose longest dimension is perpendicular to the direction of the applied tensile stress gives rise to especially large stress concentrations at the crack tip, where the real localized stress can approach the theoretical strength of the material due to a small area over which it is applied (see Figure 5.38). It can be shown that the maximum stress at the tip of a crack, is... 

An order of magnitude estimate (useful in conceptual discussions) can be obtained from Equation 12.10 with a typical length of 3 m (the longest dimension of the part) ... 

Crystal Form. The material shall be crystalline and the longest dimension of any crystal shall not be greater than 3 times the next longest axis. Hexagonal plates are acceptable... 

Crystal Dimensions. Using the same slide as above, measure the longest dimension of the largest crysts observed when scanning the field with the aid of... 

Most cells are microscopic, invisible to the unaided eye. Animal and plant cells are typically 5 to 100 pm in diameter, and many bacteria are only 1 to 2 pm long (see the inside back cover for information on units and their abbreviations). What limits the dimensions of a cell The lower limit is probably set by the minimum number of each type of biomolecule required by the cell. The smallest cells, certain bacteria known as mycoplasmas, are 300 nm in diameter and have a volume of about 10 14 mb. A single bacterial ribosome is about 20 nm in its longest dimension, so a few ribosomes take up a substantial fraction of the volume in a mycoplasmal cell. 

Figure 9. Natural coke xenolith in sill, one-half mile east of Medina Plaza. Sill has replaced most of the coal seam in this area. The letters A and B in the photograph indicate the longest dimension of the xenolith. It is approximately 9 x/z feet between these stations...

The most dramatic illustration of a mass-specific illusion is the comparative heat dissipation of the human erythrocyte and platelet. In mammals, both of these cell types are anucleate and discoid in shape, but the longest dimension of the former is four times that of the latter. Yet heat production of a human erythrocyte was shown to be 10 fW, a sixth that of a human platelet (61 fW see Table 1). The relatively high metabolic activity of platelets is probably due to the need to maintain a considerable phosphagen (phosphocreatine) pool for actomyosin contraction at stimulation and clot retraction. Phosphocreatine is synthesized from creatine using ATP and acts as a demand on the ATP cycle to drive the coupled catabolic half-cycle. On the other hand, ATP requirements of the erythrocyte are relatively small, being mostly confined to active transport of ions at the plasma membrane. 

Comparable results were obtained when an IL (ethyl-methylimmidazolium-bis(trifluoro-methane-sulfonyl)imide EMI-TFSI) was tested using a series of nanoporous carbons with average pore width in the range of 0.65-1.1 nm [18], The ion sizes, calculated as 0.79 and 0.76 nm in the longest dimension for TFSI and EMI ions, respectively, are within the range of carbons pore size. Figure 8.8 points out that, when the average pore size decreases from 1.1 to 0.7 nm, the normalized capacitance increases below 0.7 nm, the normalized capacitance decreases. Since the maximum at 0.7 nm is... 

Conceptually, there are two types of flame spread tests. The length of the specimen is generally much greater than the width and flame propagation is measured in the direction of the longest dimension. In the first type of flame spread tests, the specimen is exposed to a gas burner flame at one end. In the second type, the specimen is exposed to a radiant panel producing a heat flux that varies from one end of the specimen to the other. A pilot flame is used to ignite the specimen at the hot end. An example of each of the two types is described as follows. 

C storage). Dimensions 38 cm longest dimension. Weight 1.9 kg, hand unit with battery. 

We have observed, as did Hahn and Harder (4), the formation of single crystals, sometimes as large as 0.5 cm. in their longest dimension. However, such crystals do not form at all S/Ti values. Two composition regions, situated around S/Ti = 1.4 and S/Ti = 1.55, are especially favorable. The direction of rapid crystal growth is not the same in the two cases Near S/Ti = 1.40 it is perpendicular to the sixfold axis, and near S/Ti = 1.55 it is parallel to this axis (Figure 12). 

Fig. 5.3. Protein structure determination by X-ray diffraction. A. Crystals of porcine heart aconitase composed of 754 amino acids. The orthorhombic crystals shown are about 0.5 mm in the longest dimension. B. Film showing the diffraction pattern obtained from the above crystal. These data were used to obtain a 2.7 A resolution structure shown in two representations in panels C and D. Panel C shows the tracing of the protein backbone, with the small molecule (in red and yellow) in the central region depicting the iron-containing cofactor of the enzyme. Panel D shows the space-filling representation. (Courtesy of Dr Arthur H. Robbins, Miles Pharmaceuticals Inc. For details see A.H.Robbins and C.D.Stout (1989). Proteins Structure, Function, and Genetics 5, 289 312.)...

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