Challenges for the Future

Carbon with its wide range of sp bond hybridisation appears as the key element of a future nanotechnology. However, so far there is almost no control over the formation processes, and the structures of interest cannot be built at will. Tubes, for example, are produced under the very virulent conditions of a plasma discharge and one would like to have more elegant tools to manipulate the carbon structures, a task which remains a challenge for the future. 

McLean, J. W. (1980). Aesthetics in restorative dentistry the challenge for the future. British Dental Journal, 149, 368-72. 

J.W. Farrington, Marine Organic Geochemistry Review and Challenges for the Future , Mar. Chem., special issue 1992, 39. 

H. Maeda and Y. Matsumura, New tactics and basic mechanisms of targeting chemotherapy in solid tumors, in Cancer Chemotherapy Challenge for the Future (K. Kimura. ed.), Excerpta Medical, Tokyo, 1989, p. 42. 

Handen, J. S., High throughput screening challenges for the future, Drug. Disc. World 47-50 (Summer 2002). 

Chapters 3 to 11 of the report then take up particular areas of fundamental or applied chemistry and chemical engineering. Each chapter starts with a specific list of some important challenges for the future. Then the chapter has a section on goals of the field, a section on progress to date to meet those goals, a section on challenges and opportunities for the future, and finally a section on why this is important. 

Although the effect of nutrients and classical toxicants (e.g. heavy metals, herbicides) is well known, that of the so-called non-PS in biofilms is still largely unknown. Furthermore, the combination of effects, which operate at the basin scale, requires complex approaches. Therefore, the response of biofilms to these situations should trigger the development of new applications and higher standardisation in the use of biofilms. The standardisation of methods and procedures is a challenge for the future research on the use of natural and laboratory biofilms. 

The simulation of reacting flows in packed tubes by CFD is still in its earliest stages. So far, only isothermal surface reactions for simplified geometries and elementary reactions have been attempted. Heterogeneous catalysis with diffusion, reaction, and heat transfer in solid particles coupled to the flow, species, and temperature fields external to the particles remains a challenge for the future. 

The detection of neutral guests by redox-active hosts will be another challenge for the future of this area of chemistry. We have suggested one way in which this could be achieved via a proposed interference pathway. Time will tell whether these goals are met. 

Meglen RR (1992) In Farrington JW (ed) Marine organic geochemistry review and challenges for the future. Mar Chem 39 217... 

Handen, J.S. High-throughput screening - challenges for the future. Drug Disc. World 2002, 47-50. 

Aminov RI (2010) A brief history of the antibiotic era lessons learned and challenges for the future. Frontiers in. Microbiology, 1... 

The challenge for the future is to begin to better integrate the information that is rapidly accumulating from the revolution in the field in molecular biology to the chemoradiation armamentarium. Currently the accumulating data in a variety of research areas in oncology needs to become incorporated into the clinic, where no doubt it will make important contributions to disease outcome and patient care. Several examples of this are as follows. 

Heterofullerene chemistry is still a very young discipline within synthetic organic chemistry and even within fullerene chemistry. So far, it is restricted to mono-azafullerenes. However, the potential of structural diversity within heterofullerenes is enormous (Figure 12.2). Preparative challenges for the future are, for example. 

Identification of meaningful subtypes of OCD and clinical or biological markers of those subtypes presents an important challenge for the future. Subtype markers may serve as predictors of treatment response and help in the selection of appropriate treatment. At present, years can be lost before the best fit is found between the patient and the treatment. Future research is needed to develop new and better approaches to the patient with treatment-refractory OCD. 

The yields of the allenes and the enantioselectivities are not very high, and the method could possibly be further developed by the use of more rigid, e.g., bidentate ligands. Since no satisfactory reagent-controlled enantioselective synthesis of chiral allenes is known to date, this is a challenge for the future. 

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